Skip to main content

On the Concept and Measurement of Empowerment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Empowering individuals and groups enhances their contribution to, and enables them to benefit from, poverty reduction. This chapter, which treats empowerment as ‘enhancing an individual’s or group’s capacity to make purposive choice and transform that choice into desired outcomes’, presents an analytic framework rooted in the concepts of asset-based agency and institution-based opportunity structure. After describing the framework and its component parts, the chapter references five country cases where the framework has been used to examine empowerment in a range of cultural and development settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alkire, S. (2005) ‘Subjective Quantitative Studies of Human Agency’, Social Indicators Research, 74(1), 217–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsop, R. (ed.) (2005) Power, Rights and Poverty: Concepts and Connections. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsop, R., M. Bertelsen and J. Holland (2006) Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation, Directions in Development series, World Bank Washington DC for further discussion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsop, R. and N. Heinsohn (2005) ‘Measuring Empowerment: Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators’, Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3510. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsop, R., A. Krishna and D. Sjoblom (2001) Inclusion and Local Elected Governments: The Panchayat Raj System in India, Social Development Paper No. 37. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsop, R. and B. Kurey (2004) The Status of Empowerment in Ethiopia. Unpublished back ground paper for the Ethiopia Poverty Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appadurai, A. (2004) ‘The Capacity to Aspire: Culture and Terms of Recognition’, in Rao V and M Walton (eds), Culture and Public Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baiocchi, G., P. Heller, S. Chauduri and M. Silva (2005) ‘Evaluating Empowerment: Participatory Budgeting in Brazilian Municipalities’, Draft. World Bank, Brasilia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barron, P. and D. Madden (2003) ‘Violent Conflict in “Non-Conflict” Regions: The Case of Lampung, Indonesia’, East Asia and Pacific Region, Working Paper. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Lynn (2003) Empowerment and Social Inclusion: A Social Development Perspective on the Cultural and Institutional Foundations of Poverty Reduction. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Lynn and Kishor Gajurel (2004) Negotiating Social Change in Rural Nepal: Crosscutting Gender, Caste and Ethnic Dimensions of Empowerment and Social Inclusion. Draft. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, L. (2005) ‘Nepal: Gender and Social Exclusion Assessment’. Draft. Kathmandu: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bourguignon, F., F. Ferreira and M. Menendez (2003) Inequality of Outcomes and Inequality of Opportunities in Brazil. Mimeo. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistical Authority [Ethiopia] and ORC Macro (2001) Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2000. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, MD: Central Statistical Authority and ORC Macro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, I. (1989) Frameworks of Power. London: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. (1961) Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. Yale: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DFID (2000) Realising Human Rights for People. Target Strategy Paper. London: Department for International Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2000) ‘Property Rights, Political Rights, and the Development of poor Countries in the Post-Colonial Period’. Draft. Washington, DC: World Bank. Development Economics Research Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2002) ‘Growth is Good for the Poor’, Journal of Economic Growth, 7(3), 195–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Toit, A. (2003) ‘Hunger in the Valley of Fruitfulness: Globalization, social exclusion and chronic poverty in Ceres, South Africa’. Paper presented at the conference on Staying Poor: Chronic Poverty and Development Policy, IDPM, University of Manchester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P. (2004) ‘Development as Institutional Change: The Pitfalls of Monocropping and the Potentials of Deliberation’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 38(4), 30–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyben, R. (2003) The Rise of Rights: Rights Based Approaches to International Development. IDS Policy Briefing Issue 17. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980) Power and Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings1972–77. Ed. Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, A. (2002) Collaboration and Countervailing Power: Making Participatory Governance Work. www.archonfung.net

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. (1977) The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Perseus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, C. and M. Woolcock (2005) ‘Empowerment and Local Level Conflict Mediation in the Kecamatan Development Project in Indonesia: Concepts, Measures and Project Efficacy’. Draft Report. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gramsci, A. (1971) Selections from Prison Notebooks, London: Lawrence and Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, C. and S. Pettinato (2005) Subjective Well-Being and Objective Measures: Insecurity and Inequality in Emerging Markets. In D. Narayan (ed.), 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grootaert, C. (2003) Assessing Empowerment in the ECA Region. World Bank ECA Region’s study on the Non-Income Dimensions of Poverty. Paper presented at the World Bank Empowerment Workshop, 4–5 February, 2003. Accessed at http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/empowerment/events/feb03/papers.htm, 22 June 2003.

  • Gropello, E. di and N. Heinsohn (2004) ‘School Based management in Central America: What are the Effects on Community Empowerment?’ Draft Report. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoare, Q. (ed.) (1978) Antonio Gramsci: Selections from Political Writings (1921–1926). London: Lawrence and Wishart Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabeer, N. (1999) ‘Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment’, Development and Change 30, 435–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, D., A. Kraay and M. Mastruzzi (2004) ‘Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996–2002’, World Bank Economic Review 18(2), 253–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, D. (2000) ‘Unbundling Governance and Corruption: Some New Empirical Findings and Collective Action Approaches’ Paper presented at Anti Corruption Summit. Washington, DC: World Bank Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna, A. (2003) ‘Mapping Empowerment in a Comparative Perspective.’ Consultant report for the Empowerment Team, Poverty Reduction Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legovini, A. (2005) ‘Measuring Women’s Empowerment in Ethiopia’ Draft Report. Addis Ababa: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokshin, M. and M. Ravallion (2003) ‘Rich and Powerful? Subjective Power and Welfare in Russia’, Development Research Group, World Bank. Paper presented at the World Bank Empowerment Workshop, 4–5 February. http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/empowerment/events/feb03/papers.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokshin, M. and M. Ravallion (2005) ‘Self Rated Power and Welfare in Russia’, in Narayan (ed.), Measuring Empowerment: Cross Disciplinary Perspectives. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 177–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (1974) Power: A Radical View. London: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, A., S. Schuler and C. Boender (2002) ‘Measuring Women’s Empowerment as Variable in International Development’, paper commissioned by the Gender and Development Group of the World Bank, Washington DC, 28 June. Accessed at http://poverty.worldbank.org/library/view/13320/

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansuri, G. and V. Rao (2004) ‘Community-Based (and Driven) Development: A Critical Review’, World Bank Research Observer, 19(1), 1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. and J. Putzel (1999) ‘Thinking Strategically about Politics and Poverty’. IDS Working Paper No 101. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, C. and A. Norton (2001) To Claim Our Rights: Livelihood Security, Human Rights and Sustainable Development. London: Overseas Development Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, D. (ed.) (2002) Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, D. (ed.) (2005) Measuring Empowerment: Cross Disciplinary Perspectives. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D.C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. (2000) Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1937) The Structure of Social Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1963) ‘On the Concept of Political Power’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 107(3), 323–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, R. (2004) ‘Assume Anarchy? Why an Orthodox Economic Model May Not be the Best Guide for Policy’, Finance and Development, September, 56–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, V. and M. Walton (2004) ‘Culture and Public Action: Relationality, Equality of Agency, and Development’. in V. Rao and M. Walton, (eds), Culture and Public Action. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1985) Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1992) Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1997) ‘Editorial: Human Capital and Human Capability’, World Development, 25(12), 1959–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smulovitz, C., M. Walton and P. Petesch (2003) Notes on Evaluating Empowerment. Draft, LAC, Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, N., J. -J. Dethier and H. Rogers (2005) Growth and Empowerment: Making Development Happen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff, N. (2005) Analytic Issues in Measuring Empowerment at the Community and Local Levels. In D. Narayan (ed.), 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varshney, A. (2002) Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varshney, A. (2005) Democracy and Poverty, in D. Narayan (ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1904) ‘The Objectivity of the Sociological and the Social-Political Knowledge’, in Max Weber on the Methodology of the Social Sciences, trans. and ed. E. A. Shils and H. A. Finch. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1964) [1947] The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Ed. Talcott Parsons, Free Press of Glencoe, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2004) ‘The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support Through 2003’, Operations Evaluation Department. Washington DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2013 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alsop, R. (2013). On the Concept and Measurement of Empowerment. In: Kakwani, N., Silber, J. (eds) The Many Dimensions of Poverty. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592407_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics