Skip to main content

Rethinking ‘Secrecy’ and ‘Disclosure’: What Science and Technology Studies Can Offer Attempts to Govern WMD Threats

  • Chapter
Technology and Security

Part of the book series: New Security Challenges Series ((NSECH))

Abstract

It is often remarked that post-Cold War, and particularly after 9/11, a ‘new security environment’ has emerged. This is characterised by transnational threats to the West, numerous failing nation states, the proliferation of armaments along with the know-how to manufacture them, and continuing pressures for societal openness. All of these issues intersect in relation to the threats of ‘weapons of mass destruction’ (WMD). Indeed, the danger posed by such weapons has been identified as ‘the key issue facing the world community’.1 The topics of global terrorism and the proliferation of WMD now dominate many national security forums. With these developments a number of questions are being posed with a renewed vigour in policy, academic, and popular discussions: How easy is it to produce and proliferate WMD capabilities? What would count as compelling evidence of their acquisition? What initiatives — such as the imposition of further secrecy restrictions — are likely to limit the spread of WMD? What negative consequences might follow from any such responsive measures?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. T. Blair, ‘Britain in the World’ Speech to UK Foreign Office Conference 7 January (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  2. D. MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  3. See, for example, M. Armacost, The Politics of Weapons Innovation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  4. H. Collins and T. Pinch, ‘A Clean Kill?’, in The Golem at Large (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998): 7–29.

    Google Scholar 

  5. M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958).

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. Collins, ‘The TEA Set’ Science Studies 4 (1974): 165–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. D. MacKenzie and G. Spinardi, ‘Tacit Knowledge and the Uninvention of Nuclear Weapons’, in Knowing Machines (London: MIT Press, 1996); 44–99.

    Google Scholar 

  8. K. Vogel, ‘Bioweapons Proliferation’ Social Studies of Science 36 (2006): 659–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. W. Bijker, Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulb (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  10. W. Bijker and J. Law (eds) Shaping Technology/Building Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  11. B. Buzan and E. Herring, The Arms Dynamic in World Politics (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998): 9.

    Google Scholar 

  12. D. MacKenzie and J. Wajcman (eds) The Social Shaping of Technology (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. Abbate, ‘Cold War and White Heat’, in D. MacKenzie and J. Wajcman (eds) The Social Shaping of Technology (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 1999): 351–371.

    Google Scholar 

  14. D. MacKenzie, ‘Theories of Technology and the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons’, in D. MacKenzie and J. Wajcman (eds) The Social Shaping of Technology (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 1999): 173–98.

    Google Scholar 

  15. G. Spinardi, ‘Aldermaston and British Nuclear Weapons Development’ Social Studies of Science 27 (1997): 547–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. B. Balmer, Britain and Biological Warfare (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  17. O. Bosch, ‘Dark Period Ending’ The World Today May (2003): 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  18. J. Borger, ‘Revelation Casts Doubt on Iraq Find’ The Guardian (7 October 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  19. D. Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision (Chicago,IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996) 62.

    Google Scholar 

  20. B. Rappert, Non-Lethal Weapons as Legitimizing Forces? (London: Frank Cass, 2003).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Rappert, Controlling the Weapons of War: Politics, Persuasion, and the Prohibition of Inhumanity (London: Routledge, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  22. B. Rappert, ‘National Security, Terrorism & the Control of Life Science Research’, in A. D. James (ed.) Science and Technology Policies for the Anti-Terrorism Era (Oxford: IOS Press, 2006): 172–184.

    Google Scholar 

  23. K. Knorr-Cetina, ‘Laboratory Studies’, in S. Jasanoff, G. E. Markle, J. C. Petersen and T. Pinch (eds) Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995): 140–166.

    Google Scholar 

  24. H. Gusterson, Nuclear Rite (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998);

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. Reppy (ed.) Secrecy and Knowledge Production (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies, 1999);

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. Hilgartner, Science on Stage (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  27. P. Westwick, ‘Secret Science’ Minerva 38 (2000): 363–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. H. Gusterson, ‘The Death of the Authors of Death’, in M. Biagioli and P. Galison (eds) Scientific Authorship (New York: Routledge, 2003): 281–307.

    Google Scholar 

  29. H. Gusterson, Nuclear Rites (Berkeley,CA: University of California Press, 1998): 98.

    Google Scholar 

  30. R. Kohler, Lords of the Fly (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994): 11.

    Google Scholar 

  31. R. Merton, ‘The Normative Structure of Science’, in N. Storer (ed.) The Sociology of Science (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1973): 267–278.

    Google Scholar 

  32. D. Edge and M. Mulkay, Astronomy Transformed (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  33. M. Mulkay, ‘Norms and Ideology in Science’ Social Science Information 15 (1975): 637–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. C. Thorpe, ‘Against Time’ Journal of Historical Sociology 17 (2004): 31–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. H. Gusterson, Nuclear Rites, op cit.; B. Balmer. Gusterson, Nuclear Rites, op cit.; B. Balmer, ‘Killing “Without the Distressing Preliminaries”’ Minerva 40 (2002): 57–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. C. Fraser and M. Dando, ‘Genomics and Future Biological Weapons’ Nature Genetics 22 October (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  37. G. Knezo, ‘Sensitive but Unclassified’ and Other Federal Security Controls on Scientific and Technical Information (Washington, DC.: Congressional Research Service, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  38. A. Salyers, ‘Science, Censorship, and Public Health’ Science 26 April (2001): 617.

    Google Scholar 

  39. See, for example, D. Blumenthal, ‘Ethics Issues in Academic-Industry Relationships in the Life Sciences’ Academic Medicine 71 (12) (1996): 1291–1296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Hilgartner, ‘Data Access Policy in Genome Research’, in Thackray, A. (ed.) Private Science (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1998): 202–18.

    Google Scholar 

  41. S. Traweek, Beamtimes and Lifetimes (Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  42. and H. Collins, Gravity’s Shadow (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2004).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  43. D. Chubin and E. Hackett, Peerless Science (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  44. P. Medawar, ‘Is the Scientific Paper a Fraud?’, in P. Medawar The Threat and the Glory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991): 228–233.

    Google Scholar 

  45. H. Collins, ‘The Meaning of Data’ American Journal of Sociology 104 (1998): 293–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2007 Brian Rappert and Brian Balmer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rappert, B., Balmer, B. (2007). Rethinking ‘Secrecy’ and ‘Disclosure’: What Science and Technology Studies Can Offer Attempts to Govern WMD Threats. In: Rappert, B. (eds) Technology and Security. New Security Challenges Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230591882_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics