Abstract
Contraband: aesthetes, pornographers and paedophiles These days a book entitled Children and Sexuality rings alarm bells. Is it another call to whip up the flames demanding an end to sexual abuse and other forms of behaviour that contribute to the current malaise — some will say outright hysteria and panic? Or is it something else? No doubt exists that in the early twenty-first century many Westerners, and perhaps Easterners too, find themselves in the midst of a moral crisis about children: their mental and physical well-being, especially their safety and new levels of obesity; their legal rights in systems of law currently in rapid transition; the state’s sense that childrens’ rights must be protected and policed; as well as concerns about their education, access to the Internet and other forms of vulnerability. On grey days, when the media lurch out about the decay of our children, it seems as if we dwell in the land of The Color Purple.
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Notes
An important treatment of the subject is found in Louise A. Jackson, Child Sexual Abuse in Victorian England (London: Routledge, 2000).
For contem-porary studies see also: F.M. Martinson, The Sexual Life of Children (West-port, Conn: Bergin & Garvey, 1994);
Benjamin Schlesinger, Sexual Abuse of Children: A Resource Guide and Annotated Bibliography (Toronto; London: University of Toronto Press, 1982) and idem, Sexual Abuse of Children in the 1980’s (Toronto; London: University of Toronto Press, 1986),
Florence Rush, The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980),
Barbara M. Jones, Linda L. Jenstrom and Kee MacFarlane, Sexual Abuse of Children (Washington, DC: National Center on Child Abuse, 1980),
David R. Walters, Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children: Causes and Treatment (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978),
Robert L. Geiser, Hidden Victims: The Sexual Abuse of Children (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979),
Barbara McComb Jones et al., Sexual Abuse of Children (US Department of Health and Human Services, 1980),
Ruth S. Kempe and C. Henry Kempe, The Common Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children and Adolescents (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1984),
David R. Walters, Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children (Bloomington; London: Indiana University Press, 1975),
William T. O’Donohue and James Geer, The Sexual Abuse of Children (Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum, 1992),
Richard A. Gardner, Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited (Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics, 1991),
George K. Behlmer, Child Abuse and Moral Reform in England, 1870–1908 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982).
For some of the interdisciplinary hurdles see: Marie Mulvey Roberts, Sex & Sexuality, 1640–1940: Literary, Medical and Sociological Perspectives (Marlbor-ough: Adam Matthew Publications, 1998);
Robert A. Nye, Sexuality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
A complementary approach for the grieving over children is found in Robert Woods, Children Remembered: Responses to Untimely Death in the Past (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006); Woods’ book represents a single voice rather than the polyphonic engagement we encourage here. Woods’ sources are invaluable as an introduction to the historiography of children and sexuality.
His classic work of 1960 (French), Centuries of Childhood (London: J. Cape, trans. Robert Baldick, 1962). For astute appraisals of Ariès’ work see Adrian Wilson, ‘The Infancy of the History of Childhood: An Appraisal of Philippe Ariès,’ History and Theory 19 (1980); Patrick H. Hutton, Philippe Ariès and the Politics of French Cultural History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004); and chapter 1 of Robert Woods (n. 4).
One exception is the group of anthropologists and historians of the family centred around Professor David Kertzer of Brown University, an authority on Italian politics, society and political history. Kertzer began his work as a demographic anthropologist, working with Peter Laslett at the Cambridge University Centre for Population Studies, and then moved to the historical roots of the Western family. He and his colleagues now explore aspects of the history of the child from the perspectives of biology and the family. See David I. Kertzer and Marzio Barbagli, Family Life in Early Modern Times, 1500–1789, History of the European Family; v. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), idem, Family Life in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1789–1913, History of the European Family; v. 2 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), idem, Family Life in the Twentieth Century, History of the European Family; v. 3 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003);
David I. Kertzer and Dennis P. Hogan, Family, Political Economy, and Demographic Change: The Transformation of Life in Casalecchio, Italy, 1861–1921 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989);
David I. Kertzer et al, The historical roots of the Western family: The Family in Italy from Antiquity to the Present (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991),
David I. Kertzer, Family Life in Central Italy, 1880–1910 (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984).
Michel Foucault, A History of Sexuality (London: Allen Lane, 1978).
The available studies barely extend backwards into history: see Warren Middleton, The Betrayal of Youth: Radical Perspectives on Childhood Sexuality, Intergenerational Sex, and the Social Oppression of Children and Young People (London: CL Publications, 1986);
Derek Gordon, Occupational Sex Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility (Cardiff: Social Research Unit, University College, 1986).
For some of the historical implications see Helen King, The Disease of Virgins: Green Sickness, Chlorosis and the Problems of Puberty (London: Routledge, 2004); for male puberty in non-Western societies and its implications for male modesty see note 74 and pp. 331–3.
Graham Ovenden and Robert Melville, Victorian Children (London: Academy Editions; St. Martin’s Press, 1972) with unpaginated leaves.
Compare its visual boldness with, for example, Eleanor Allen, Victorian Children (London: A. and C. Black, 1973) published in the same year.
For some of the erotic cults feeding into their approach see James R. Kincaid, Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture (New York; London: Routledge, 1992).
Germaine Greer, The Boy (London: Thames & Hudson, 2003).
Ovenden once thought the girls were ‘the Papin sisters’, French servants who rebelled in 1933 against their mistress and then brutally murdered her in a notorious murder case that rocked French memory; see Rachel Edwards and Keith Reader, The Papin Sisters (Oxford University Press, 2001). But Ovenden decided they were American, having traced the original photograph to a New York art dealer, Julien Levy, who had illustrated the photograph in some of his writings.
See Nicholas Usherwood, The Brotherhood of Ruralists: Ann Arnold, Graham Arnold, Peter Blake, Jann Haworth, David Inshaw, Annie Ovenden, Graham Ovenden (London: Lund Humphries, 1981), p. 33 for both citations in this paragraph.
See Robert Melville, Picasso: Master of the Phantom (London: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 1939);
Henry Moore and Robert Melville, Henry Moore: Sculpture and Drawings 1921–1969 (London: Thames & Hudson, 1970).
Robert Melville, Erotic Art of the West (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973).
See Wilhelm von Gloeden and John S. Barrington, The Boys of Taormina and the Baron Von Gloeden (n. p., 1974),
and Wilhelm von Gloeden, L’arte di Gloeden (Palermo: Poligraf, 1979).
Graham Ovenden and Lewis Carroll, Lewis Carroll, Masters of Photography Series (London: Macdonald, 1984).
Henry Mayhew and William Tuckniss, London Labour and the London Poor, 4 vols. (London: Griffin Bohn, 1861), a sociological classic of the mid-Victorian years.
Ovenden and Melville owned copies of the 1960 edition: William Plomer (ed), Kilvert’s Diary 3 vol. (London: Jonathan Cape, 1960).
It differs from such books as: Eleanor Allen, Victorian Children (n. 13); Susan P. Casteras et al, Victorian Childhood (New York: Abrarns, 1986) and James Kincaid’s important Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture (n. 13).
Since the 1960s dozens of gallery exhibitions of paintings by and about children have appeared but these are now increasingly scrutinized for their decency; for the development and its literature see: Sara Holdsworth et al., Innocence and Experience: Images of Children in British Art from 1600 to the Present (Manchester: Manchester City Art Galleries, 1992);
Bettina Hèurli-mann et al., Children’s Portraits: The World of the Child in European Painting (London: Thames and Hudson, 1950);
Mary Frances Durantini, The Child in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Painting (Epping: Bowker, 1983).
See Lindsay Smith, The Politics of Focus: Women, Children and Nineteenth-Century Photography (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998).
For historical sexology see: Lucy Bland and Laura L. Doan, Sexology Uncensored: The Documents of Sexual Science (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); idem, Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998);
M.E. Perry, Childhood and Adolescent Sexology, Handbook of Sexology; V. 7 (Amsterdam; Oxford: Elsevier, 1990).
See Alyson Brown et al., Knowledge of Evil: Child Prostitution and Child Sexual Abuse in Twentieth-Century England (Cullompton: Willan, 2002);
Paul McHugh, Prostitution and Victorian Social Reform (London: Croom Helm, 1980);
Judith R. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980);
Michael Pearson, The Age of Consent: Victorian Prostitution and Its Enemies (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972).
Such commentaries are found, more recently, in the writings of child psychi-atrists: see, for example, Sami Timimi, Pathological Child Psychiatry and the Medicalization of Childhood (Hove: Brun Routledge, 2002),
and the far-ranging but nevertheless intuitively revealing discussion in D.W. Winnicot et al., Thinking about Children (London: Karnac Books, 1996). Pat Barker demon-strates in Border Crossing (London: Viking, 2001) how these ideas can be used in fiction.
For these legal reforms within child sexual abuse see: Carol Smart, Regulating Womanhood: Historical Essays on Marriage, Motherhood, and Sexuality (London: Routledge, 1992); George K. Behlmer, Child Abuse (n. 1). It may also be noteworthy in this context that fathers remained the legal guardians of their children throughout the nineteenth century; not even the Infants Custody Act of 1886 gave them exclusively to their mothers.
Britten was more likely exploring the pathology of a lonely man consumed by a depressive disorder and displays him (Grimes) in high spirits as well as low melancholic moods. Britten himself was no stranger to clinical depres-sion, which sank him into clinical illness during the Second World War while he was living abroad in America. The discovery of George Crabbe’s poem in 1941 about the Suffolk coast, and the decision to return to England in 1942, lifted his nostalgia and prompted him to return home. As prepar-ation he composed an opera about this brutal killer of boys. Once back on the Suffolk coast, Britten and Pears, who sang the role of Grimes in the first performance, themselves became the quondam objects of local gossip in the sexual domain; both would have been sensitive to the possibility that the eponymous Grimes was a sexual predator but — for whatever reason — Britten omitted any hint of sexuality in his libretto. John Bridcut delicately approaches these matters in his unsensational study of Britten’s children, particularly the boys who sang for him and to whom he was often sexually attracted. Britten was especially intimate with German Wolfgang (Wulff’) Scherchen, son of composer Hermann Scher-chen, whom he met when Wulff was 14 and Britten 21. Britten’s boys often came alone to stay with him and shared his bed. The status quo altered in his relation with 13-year-old Harry Morris. Morris was from a troubled home, the only boy ever to accuse Britten of sexual abuse. They were on holiday visiting Britten’s sister in Cornwall when Harry claimed that Britten sexually approached him in his bedroom. Harry appears to have screamed and struck him with a chair; Britten’s sister Beth came running into the room when she heard the noise. Harry left the next morning and recounted the abuse to his mother, who did not believe him. To what extent events like these leaked into the public domain to solidify a view that Britten was corrupting boys is not clear after reading Bridcut’s book from which these details are cited. The parallels with the scandals recounted in chapter 6 below and, more recently, Michael Jackson’s court case, are apparent despite their very different outcomes. See John Bridcut, Britten’s Children (London: Faber, 2006), based on his June 2004 BBC2 TV documentary of the same name.
Laurence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800. Abridged edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), p. 321; see pp. 114–5 for children and sexuality, and pp. 318–20 for reasons why the eighteenth-century child’s masturbation was not construed seriously in England.
See William G. Naphy’s chapter 4 below and his Sex Crimes from Renaissance to Enlightenment (Stroud: Tempus, 2002).
In some of the ways that historian John R. Gillis explored the topic even though he omitted sexuality; see John R. Gillis, Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations, 1770 — Present (New York; London: Academic Press, 1981).
See also Neil Postman, The Disappearance of Childhood (London: W.H. Allen, 1985).
Again and at the expense of repetition it must be reiterated that few accounts survive before 1850, if they ever existed, and the little remaining evid-ence is usually found in legal proceedings and court cases. A small amount of information can be extracted from medical theory prior to 1850 that pronounced on the health and sex of children. Before the Second World War the term ‘intergenerational relations’ usually denoted the duty of children to their parents. After the 1950s it was used primarily by cultural historians to refer to intergenerational memory in the aftermath of Nazi atrocity and Middle European death camps. But since the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s it has been hijacked from war memory to the recent realms of sex, especially among adults and children. A useful discussion of its application to history is found in C. John Somerville, The Rise and Fall of Childhood (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982). More recently British novelist Margaret Drabble fictionalized its concerns in The Peppered Moth (London: Viking, 2000).
For psychohistorical approaches to the case history see William McKinley Runyan, Life Histories and Psychobiography: Explorations in Theory and Method (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982);
for the cultural relativism implied in reconstructing lives, Clifford Geertz, An Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973);
and for his contrast of local and global interpret-ations idem, ‘from the Native’s Point of View: On the Nature of Anthro-pological Understanding,’ in Paul Rabinow et al., Interpretive Social Science: A Reader (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1979. pp. 230–42
See Gilbert Herdt, Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1998) and idem, Sambia Sexual Culture: essays from the field (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1999) and p. 331 below.
See Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modem Debate (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1992);
Fatima Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male—Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society (Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman: 1975); idem The Harem Within (London: Doubleday, 1994);
Nilüfer Güle, The Forbidden Modem: Civilization and Veiling (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996).
For cross-cultural perspectives see W.H. Davenport, ‘Adult-child sexual rela-tions in cross-cultural perspective,’ in O’Donohue et al (n. 1), pp. 73–80 and the large bibliographical overview by D.F. Janssen, MD, ‘Enculturation Curricula, Abuse Categorization and the Globalist/Culturalist Project: The Genital Reference,’ IPT journal 13 (2003): 1–18.
One that remains historically faithful to the evidence but attuned to the present structures of abuse as expressed in Martin C. Calder, Child Sexual Abuse and the Internet: Tackling the New Frontier (Lyme Regis: Russell House, 2004); idem, Children and Young People Who Sexually Abuse: New Theory, Research and Practice Developments (Lyme Regis: Russell House, 2005).
Most Western views of biography develop their theories as if ‘lives’ were capable of being understood primarily through stages or phases; the child has no life apart from the adolescent, the adult none apart from the senescent and the geriatric; see David Novarr, The Lines of Life: Theories of Biography, 1880–1970 (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1986). Nigel Hamilton has traced the ways of ‘knowing a life’ from the Ancient Greeks and Romans to present thinkers in Biography: A Brief History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 20071.
Most Western views of biography develop their theories as if ‘lives’ were capable of being understood primarily through stages or phases; the child has no life apart from the adolescent, the adult none apart from the senescent and the geriatric; see David Novarr, The Lines of Life: Theories of Biography, 1880–1970 (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1986). Nigel Hamilton has traced the ways of ‘knowing a life’ from the Ancient Greeks and Romans to present thinkers in Biography: A Brief History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 20071.
This despite recent studies such as Albrecht Classen (ed.), Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: The Results of a Paradigm Shift in the History of Mentality (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005).
For other developments in northern Europe see Rudolf Dekker, Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).
As various studies of the early modern child have demonstrated: see Linda A. Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent—Child Relations from 1500 to 1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); idem, A Lasting Relationship: Parents and Children over Three Centuries (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1987).
For some of the reasons see J.H. Plumb, ‘The New World of Children in Eighteenth-Century England,’ Past and Present 67 (1975); Alan Richardson, ’Romanticism and the End of Childhood,’ in Mitzi Myers (ed.), Special Issue: Culturing Childhood: Nineteenth-Century Contexts, 21.2 (1999), pp. 167–89; Donelle Ruwe et al., Culturing the Child, 1690–1914: Essays in Memory of Mitzi Myers (Lanham., MD: Scarecrow. 2005).
Discourse about the history of intergenerational relations has burgeoned since the global wars of the second half of the last century, especially in the social sciences, in respect of the current preoccupation with intergener-ational memory, and as it braves up to the challenge of facing the sexual dimensions; for a primer of the developing discourse see S. N. Eisenstadt, From Generation to Generation, 3rd edn (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2003). Its main evidence has been felt in imaginative literature.
The visual tradition especially strengthened this aura of innocence: see Susan Casteras et al., Victorian Childhood: Yale Center for British Art (New York: Abrams, 1986);
Jonathan Cott, Forever Young (New York: Random House, 1977);
Terry Parker et al., Golden Hours: The Paintings of Arthur J. Elsley, 1860–1952 (Shepton Beauchamp: Richard Dennis, 1998).
For recent contexts see Christopher Newfield and Ronald Strickland, After Political Correctness: The Humanities and Society in the 1990s (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995);
Howard S. Schwartz, The Revolt of the Primitive: An Inquiry into the Roots of Political Correctness (London: Praeger, 2001);
Anthony Browne, The Retreat of Reason: Political Correctness and the Corruption of Public Debate in Modern Britain (London: Civitas, 2006).
See Timothy D’Arch Smith, Love in Earnest: Some Notes on the Lives and Writings of English ’nanian’ Poets from 1889 to 1930 (London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1970).
An astute evaluation of lesbian mothers is found in Maureen Sullivan, The Family of Woman: Lesbian Mothers, Their Children, and the Undoing of Gender (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005).
For moth-erhood generally in Victorian England see: Valerie A. Fildes and Dorothy McLaren, Women as Mothers in Pre-Industrial England: Essays in Memory of Dorothy Mclaren (London: Routledge, 1990);
for the later period, Julie-Marie Strange, Death, Grief and Poverty in Britain, 1870–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
For the earlier background of motherhood, Toni Bowers, The Politics of Motherhood: British Writing and Culture, 1680–1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). The ‘ignorant mother’, of the type often causing abuse in history, has been less studied but see Ariès himself who claimed that ‘the practice of playing with children’s privy parts [had] formed part of a widespread tradition’ (Ariès, Centuries of Childhood, n. 5, p.101). Ariès could reason this way because he thought he had found abundant evidence suggesting that ‘the child under the age of puberty was believed to be unaware of or indifferent to sex. Thus gestures and allusions had no meaning for him; they became purely gratuitous and lost their sexual significance’ (p. 103). No contemporary historian could find herself writing these sentences.
These were not, it must be emphasized, conditions leading to child murder, which more often than not resulted from dire poverty; see Josephine McDonagh, Child Murder and British Culture, 1720–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
For these contradictions in the romantic and sexual realms more generally see Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
For the dominant images see Howard D. Weinbrot, Britannia’s Issue: The Rise of British Literature from Dryden to Ossian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
See Patrick Greig Scott and Pauline Fletcher, Culture and Education in Victorian England, Bucknell Review vol. 34, no. 2 (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1990).
The cultural history of male modesty so far remains locked, often perceived as too indelicate to recount except by feminists unabashed by the discourses of the male genitals; for further astute insights see Laurence Goldstein, The Male Body: Features, Destinies, Exposures (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994)
and Calvin Thomas, Male Matters: Masculinity, Anxiety, and the Male Body on the Line (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996).
For example, John Lindley et al., An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany …(London: Longman, 1830), p. 19: the passage beginning with ’Asexual plants are flowerless ‘
See Erasmus Darwin’s cosmologies about the loves of plants; George Henry Lewes in Sea-Side Studies at Ilfracombe, Tenby, the Scilly Isles, & Jersey (Edin-burgh, 1858), p. 289, the passage about reproducing themselves by sexual and asexual methods.
Lina Eckenstein, Women under Monasticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1896). D. 307.
Havelock Ellis seems to have been first to use ‘paedophilia’ in our sense but a ‘paedophile’ as a free-standing agent who sexually loves children was not coined until 1949. See Ellis ABC, Studies in the Psychology of Sex: In Six Volumes (London: 1936, rev. edn), vol. 5, part I, p. 11: ‘Paidophilia [sic] or the love of children … may be included under this head [sc. abnormality]’. The overlapping cultural histories of paedophilia (love of children), paederasty (homosexual relations between a man and a boy, with the boy or younger man as the passive partner), and pedagogy (the methods or principles of instructing the young) have not been properly disentangled. However sharp their differences, all sorts of questions remain about our current obses-sion with all three. When and how, for example, did the current obsession with paedophiles arise, and what constellation of fear and anxiety in adults does it specifically signify? Long ago the American classicist Thomas Gould configured pederasty-pedagogy as a form of ‘love’ rather than ‘discipleship’; see his Platonic Love (London: Routledge & Paul, 1963). But Gould wrote during the pitch and frenzy of the American Sexual Revolution of the 1960s when any form of heterosexual libertinism was tolerated but, paradoxically, the slightest hint of homosexual indiscretion à la Allen Ginsburg was taboo. The confusion gives us all the more reason to hope that David Halperin’s forthcoming study of pederasty will rectify the lacuna and institute much needed distinctions between pederasty and paedophilia.
See George Rousseau, ‘Bums in the Time of Cholera: Sex, Sodomy, and Representations of the Fundament’, in C. E. Forth et al., Body Parts: Critical Explorations in Corporeality (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005), pp. 44–64.
For the biographical debates see Elleke Boehmer’s chapter 10; for sexuality and colonialism see Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990).
See Reba N. Soffer, Ethics and Society in England: the Revolution in the Social Sciences, 1870–1914 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994).
Healthcare professionals, especially psychiatrists and psychoanalysts, have been exceptions but their influence in shaping the public’s opinion on these explosive matters may be overestimated. For another approach to this perceived ‘erosion’ see Valerie Polakow, The Erosion of Childhood (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983),
and for another treatment delimited to the Victorians and Edwardians, Lionel Rose, The Erosion of Childhood: Child Oppression in Britain 1860–1918 (London: Routledge, 1991).
The example from incest with children, studied below by Elizabeth Archibald, demonstrates to what degree Christian incest differs from savage and aboriginal; for some contexts see the classic work by Emile Durkheim and Edward Sagarin, Incest. The Nature and Origin of the Taboo … Together with the Origins and the Development of the Incest Taboo by Albert Ellis (New York: Lyle Stuart, 1963).
Historian of childhood Hugh Cunningham launched his series on the inven-tion of childhood in 2006 but prudently without engaging in the current hysteria fanned by the media; see Hugh Cunningham, The Invention of Childhood (London: BBC Books, 2006).
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Rousseau, G. (2007). Introduction. In: Rousseau, G. (eds) Children and Sexuality. Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230590526_1
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