Abstract
If the nature of the offence dictated to some extent an exile’s situation in Siberia, his social origins were more determinant. Analysis of the social estates to which exiles were assigned shows they lived quite similarly to non-exiles in Muscovite Siberia. As with efforts to categorize exiles according to their offences, identifying individuals or groups according to social estate is made difficult by incomplete data. Nonetheless, an approximate demographic model of the exilic population in situ is possible.
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Notes
V. I. Shunkov, Ocherki po istorii zemledeliia Sibiri (XVII vek) (Moskva: AN SSSR, 1956), table, p. 115.
J. Michael Hittle, The Service City: State and Townsmen in Russia, 1600–1800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 26–7 et passim..
V. I. Shunkov, Ocherki po istorii kolonizatsii Sibiri v XVII-nachale XVIII vekov (Moskva: AN SSSR, 1946), 17.
Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 125.
A. P. Kopylov, ‘Gosudarevy pashennye krest’iane Eniseiskogo uezda v XVII v.’, in Sibir’ perioda feodalizma, vypusk 1, ed. V.I. Shunkov et al. (Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo Sibirskogo otdeleniia AN SSSR 1962), tables, pp. 33–5. Figures are based on the number of taxpaying individuals (tiagletsy), i.e. heads of household.
Shunkov, Ocherki (1956), 114, 120–1, 198, 216–18, table 21, p. 218; P. A. Slovtsov, Istoricheskoe obozrenie Sibiri. Stikhotvoreniia. Propovedi, ed. and intro. V. A. Kreshchik (Novosibirsk: Ven-mir, 1995), 221.
See also James Forsyth, A Histoty of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia’s North Asian Colony, 1581–1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ch. 4;
G. Patrick March, Eastem Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996), ch. 5.
Quoted in F. G. Safronov, Russkie krest’iane v Iakutii (XVII—nachalo XX vv.) (Iakutsk: Knizhnoe izd-vo, 1961), 13, 231 (ellipsis in original). The inclusion of ‘obrok peasants’ appears odd here and may refer to house serfs in debt servitude (kabala) rather than to agricultural peasants.
Ibid., 14–15; F. G. Safronov, Ssylka v vostochnuiu Sibir’ v XVII veke (Iakutsk: Iakutskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1967), 42–3; Shunkov, Ocherki (1956), table, p. 174.
Safronov, Russkie krest’iane, 231, 246; idem, Ssylka, table, p. 30. The foregoing undercuts Levin and Potapov’s contention that eastern Siberia’s economic fortunes at this early date rested more in agriculture than the fur industry. Cf. M. G. Levin and L. P. Potapov, eds., The Peoples of Siberia (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1964), 125.
Leonid M. Goryushkin, ‘Late Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century Siberian Regionalists’ Views on the Economic Independence of Siberia’, trans. Alan Wood, Siberica 1, no. 2 (1990–1): 152–68 [here, p. 158].
Safronov, Russkie krest’iane, 231–2; G. S. Fel’dstein, Ssylka: eia genezisa, znacheniia, istorii i sovremennogo sostoianiia (Moskva: T-vo skoropechatni A. A. Levenson, 1893), 128–9; Ssylka v Sibir’: ocherk eia istorii i sovremennago polozheniia (S.-Peterburg: Tipografiia S.-Peterburgskoi Tiur’my, 1900), 6.
These were provided non-exilic peasants in Siberia, though it is uncertain if exiles received them. Cf. A. P. Okladnikov et al., eds., Istoriia Sibiri s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei, 5 vols. (Leningrad: Nauka, 1968–9) 2: 65; Safronov, Russkie krest’iane, 154–5.
V. A. Aleksandrov and N. N. Pokrovskii, ‘Mirskie organizatsii i administrativnaia vlast’ v Sibiri v XVII veke’, Istoriia SSSR 1 (1986): 47–68 [here, P. 531.
Gregory L. Freeze, ‘The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History’, The American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (February 1986): 11–36 [here, pp. 14–16] .
J. Michael Hittle, The Service City: State and Townsmen in Russia, 1600–1800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 15.
Dmytryshyn, ‘Glossary’, in Dmytryshyn et al., eds., Russia’s Conquest of Siberia, 1558–1700: A Documentary Record. Vol. 1 (Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1985), lxxxiv-xv. Cf. George V. Lantzeff, Siberia in the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Colonial Administration (New York: Octagon Books, 1972), 60.
Literally ‘Tobol’sk razriad.’ N. I. Nikitin, Sluzhilie liudi v Zapadnoi Sibiri XVII veka (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1988), table 1, p. 29.
D. Ia. Rezun, Russkie v srednem Prichulym’e v XVII-XIX w. (Problemy sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia malykh gorodov Sibiri) (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984), 90.
N. I. Nikitin, ‘Pervyi vek kazachestva Sibiri’, Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal 1 (1994): 77–83 [here, pp. 78–9]. See also O. N. Vilkov, ‘Promyshlennost’ nerusskikh narodov Tobol’skogo uezd v XVII v.’, in Sibir’ perioda feodalizma, vypusk 1, 84ff; Safronov, Ssylka, 43–4.
S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, 3rd edn. (S.-Peterburg: Izdanie V. I. Gubinskago, 1900), 218.
‘Posad’ designated either that part of a city located between the kremlin and the outer wall, or a settlement just outside city walls and subordinate to the urban administration. To avoid the confusion that would be caused by ‘town’, ‘city’ (both of which are too restrictive), or ‘settlement’ (which will refer to a later developed exile category), posad is translated here as ‘suburb’. Cf. Hittle, Service City, 26ff; Dmytryshyn, ‘Glossary’, in Russia’s Conquest, lxxxiii; V. I. Dal’, Tolkovyi slovar’ zhivogo velikorusskogo iazyka, 4 vols. (1882; rpt. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo ‘Russkii iazvk’. 1999) 3: 328.
N. N. Pokrovskii, ed., Pervoe stoletie sibiriskikh gorodov. XVII vek (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii khronograf. 1996). doc. no. 51. D. 136.
O. I. Vilkov, ‘Tobol’skii posad XVII v.’, in Sibir’ perioda feodalizma, vypusk 3, ed. V. I. Shunkov et al. (Novosibirsk: Nauka. 1968). 42.
Fel’dstein, Ssylka, 151–2; N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i dopolnennoe (S.-Peterburg: Tip. I. M. Sibiriakova, 1892), 13 etpassim; Wood, Siberica: 43–4;
Basil Dmytryshyn, ‘Russian Expansion to the Pacific, 1580–1700: A Historiographical Review’, Siberica 1, no. 1 (1990): 4–37 [here, D. 81.
Peter Wilson Coldham, Emigrants in Chains: A Social History of Forced Emigration to the Americas of Felons, Destitute Children, Political and Religious Non-Conformists, Vagabonds, Beggars and other Undesirables, 1607–1776 (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publications, 1992), 1;
Clare Anderson, Convicts in the Indian Ocean: Transportation from South Asia to Mauritius, 1815–53 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 2;
L. L. Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, 2nd edn. (Carlton: Melbourne University Press, 1994), 3.
These cities were as follows: Tobol’sk, Eniseisk, Ilimsk, Tara, Berezov, Surgut, Tiumen’, Tomsk, Mangazeia, Irkutsk, Kuznetsk, Turinsk, Narym, Verkhotur’e, Iakutsk, Nerchinsk, Krasnyi Iar, Pelym, Ketsk, Kungur, Perm’ Velikaia, Cherdyn, Sol’kamsk, Kai-gorodok, Iarensk and Viatka. I. V. Shcheglov, Khronologicheskii perechen’ vazhneishikh dannykh iz istorii Sibiri: 1032–1882 gg. (1883; rpt. Surgut: severnyi dom, 1993), 108.
Vasili Klyuchevsky, Peter the Great, trans. Liliana Archibald (New York: Random, 1958), 198.
Philip Johann Tabbert von Stralenberg [sic], An histori-geographical description of the north and eastern part of Europe and Asia… (London: W. Innys and R. Manby, 1736), 246.
See James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).
Quoted in P. L. Kazarian, Iakutiia v sisteme politicheskoi ssylki Rossii, 1826–1917 gg. (Iakutsk: GP NIPK ‘Sakhapoligrafizdat’, 1998), 69.
John P. LeDonne, Ruling Russia: Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism, 1762–1796 (Princeton, N J: Princeton University Press, 1984), 277–90; idem, ‘Frontier Governors General 1772–1825. III. The Eastern Frontier’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 48 (2000): 321–40.
Marc Raeff, Siberia and the Reforms of 1822 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1956), 6.
Brenda Meehan-Waters, ‘Social and Career Characteristics of the Administrative Elite, 1689–1761’, in Russian Officialdom: The Bureaucratization of Russian Society from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century, ed. Walter McKenzie Pintner and Don Karl Rowney (London: Macmillan, 1980), 91.
George L. Yaney, The Systematization of Russian Government: Social Evolution in the Domestic Administration of Imperial Russia, 1711–1905 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. 1973). 68.
I. Ia. Foinitskii, Uchenie o nakazanii v sviazi s tiurmovedeniem (S.-Peterburg: Tipografiia Ministerstva putei soobshcheniia [A. Benke], 1889), 274–5.
Evgenii V. Anisimov, The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress through Coercion in Russia, trans. John T. Alexander (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), 296.
See Michael Roberts, The Military Revolution, 1560–1660: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the Queen’s University of Belfast (Belfast: M. Boyd, 1956);
Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
John P. LeDonne, The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire: 1650–1831 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); idem, The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997);
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974); idem, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750 (New York: Academic Press, 1980);
Robert L. Reynolds, Europe Emerges: Transition toward an Industrial World-Wide Society, 600–1750 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967);
Iain Wallace, The Global Economic System (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990).
Adele Lindenmeyr, Povertyls Not a Vice: Charity, Society, and the State in Imperial Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 36ff.
A. L. Beier, Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560–1640 (New York: Methuen, 1985).
G. V. Shebaldina, Shvedskie voennoplennye v Sibiri: Pervaia chetvert’ XVIII veka (Moskva: Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi gumanitarnyi universitet, 2005), 33.
C. H. Van Schooneveld, ed., Pamiatniki sibirskoi istorii XVIII veka. Kniga vtoraia, 1713–1724 (1885; rpt. The Hague: Mouton, 1969), doc. no. 42, p. 167.
S. Maksimov, ‘Gosudartsvennye prestupniki. Piataia chast’”, Otechestvennyia zapiski 9 (September 1869): 229–72 [here, pp. 241–2]. Udsk, Anadyrsk and Kolymsk were located in northeastern Siberia; Bratsk, Ilimsk and Balagansk in Zabaikal’e. Tunkinsk seems to have been the pre-revolutionary name of a town in Buriatiia.
James R. Gibson, Feeding the Russian Fur Trade: Provisionment of the Okhotsk Seaboard and the Kamchatka Peninsular, 1639–1856 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 12.
Edward J. Phillips, The Founding of Russia’s Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688–1714 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995), 40. See also table 2, p. 133.
Letter dated 1709 and reproduced in I. I. Kirievskii, ed., Bulavinskoe vosstanie (1707–1708 gg.) (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo Vsesoiuznago obshchestva politkatorzhan i ssyl’no-poselentsev, 1935), 119. See also pp. 124, 360.
Quoted in Evgenii Anisimov, Dyba i knut: politicheskii sysk i russkoe obshchestvo v XVIII veke (Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1999), 650.
Richard Hellie, Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
Lucia Zedner, ‘Wayward Sisters: The Prison for Women’, in The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, ed. Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 295. Zedner gives a date of 1645 for the opening of the spinhuis. This is contradicted by Spierenburg, whose date is used here.
Cf. Pieter Spierenburg, The Prison Experience: Disciplinary Institutions and Their Inmates in Early Modern Europe (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 51.
David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1971), xix.
Cf. E. J. Simmons, ‘The Trial Begins for Soviet Literature’, The Massachusetts Review 7, no. 4 (1966): 714–24;
M. Grayson L. Taylor, ‘Prison Psychosis’, Social Justice 27, no. 3 (2000): 50–5;
J. L. Miller et al., ‘Perceptions of Justice: Race and Gender Differences in Judgments of Appropriate Prison Sentences’, Law and Society Review 20, no. 3 (1986): 312–34.
Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1977), 25–6.
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© 2008 Andrew A. Gentes
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Gentes, A.A. (2008). ‘Exile to the Service in which he will be Useful’. In: Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230583894_3
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