Abstract
‘Political solutions to cultural conflict’ is the unifying theme of this book. ‘The security problems of a political “solution” to cultural/religious conflict’ could have been the title of this chapter.
This chapter is partly based on a lecture given at the University of Copenhagen Annual Awards Ceremony 2004, together with excerpts from articles printed in Weekendavisen (no. 52, 24-30 December 2004), Berlingske Tidende (24 July 2005) and Salt (Vol. 14, September-October 2005, pp. 14-18). In addition, I have held variations of this text as lectures numerous times in recent years, and I thank the many, many insightful critics who have contributed to the sharpening and development of the argumentation. Thanks to Jon Jay Neufeld for translating the Danish texts and to Per Mouritsen for unusually helpful questions and suggestions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Almond, G. A., Appleby, R. S. and Sivan, E. (2003) Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Anonymous [Scheuer, M.] (2002) Through Our Enemies’ Eyes: Osama bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America. Washington: Brasseys.
Appadurai, A. (2006) Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Arendt, H. (1968) Men in Dark Times. New York: Hartcourt.
Asad, T. (1993) Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Asad, T. (2003) Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Asad, T. (2006) ‘Responses’, in D. Scott and C. Hirschkind (eds), Powers of the Secular Modem: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 206–41.
Banchoff, T. (forthcoming) Embryo Politics: Debating Life in a Global Era.
Berg-Sørensen, A. (2004) ‘Paradiso — Diaspora: Reframing the Question of Religion in Politics’. PhD Dissertation, Institute of Political Science, University of Copenhagen.
Burleigh, M. (2005) Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War. New York: Harper Collins.
Butterfield, H. (1950) ‘The Tragic Element in Modern International Conflict’, The Review of Politics, 12(2): 147–64.
Buzan, B. and Wæver, O. (2003) Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Buzan, B. and Wæver, O. and de Wilde, J. (1998) Security. A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Casanova, J. (2003) ‘Beyond European and American Exceptionalisms: Towards a Global Perspective’, in G. Davie, P. Heelas and L. Woodhead (eds), Predicting Religion: Christian, Secular and Alternative Futures. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 17–29.
Casanova, J. (2005) ‘Immigration and the New Religious Pluralism: A EU/US Comparison’, discussion draft for conference on ‘The New Religious Pluralism and Democracy’, 21–22 April 2005, sponsored by Georgetown University’s Initiative on Religion, Politics, and Peace. http://irpp.georgetown.edu/conference.htm.
Clausewitz, C. von (1982 [1832]) On War. London: Penguin Books.
Connolly, W. E. (1995) The Ethos of Pluralization. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Connolly, W. E. (1999) Why I Am Not a Secularist. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Davie, G., Heelas, P. and Woodhead, L. (eds) (2003) Predicting Religion: Christian, Secular and Alternative Futures. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Feldman, N. (2005) Divided by God: America’s Church — State Problem — and What We Should Do About It. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
Gerges, F. A. (1999) America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gerges, F. A. (2005) The Far Enemy: Why Jihad went Global. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gerges, F. A. (2006) Journey of the Jihadis: Inside Muslim Militancy. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
Gunn, T. J. (2004) ‘Religious Freedom and La: A Comparison of the United States and France’, Brigham Young University Law Review, 2: 419–506.
Habermas, J. (2006) ‘Religion in the Public Sphere’, European Journal of Philosophy, 14(1): 1–25.
Habermas, J. and Derrida, J. (2003) ‘Nach dem Krieg: Die Wiedergeburt Europas’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31 May. (Appeared simultaneously in French as ‘Europe: plaidoyer pour une politique étrangère commune’, Libération, 30 May-1 June).
Hobbes, T. (1969 [1651]) Leviathan. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics.
Hurd, E. S. (2001) ‘Towards a Postsecular Alternative: Secularism and Political Islam in Historical and Relational Context’, paper presented at the Middle East History and Theory Conference, The University of Chicago, May 2001.
Hurd, E. S. (2004) ‘The International Politics of Secularism: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Islamic Republic of Iran’, Alternatives, 29(2): 115–38.
Juergensmeyer, M. (1993) The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2000) Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2004) ‘Religious Terror and the Secular State’, Harvard International Review, Winter.
Keppel, G. (1995) The Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the Modern World. London: Polity Press.
Kjølberg, A. (2003) Når Religionen Blir Truet: Årsaker til og konsekvenser av islamistiske gruppers sikkerhetisering av religion. Oslo: Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt, FFI-rapport 2003/00330.
bin Laden, Osama (2005) Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, ed. B. Lawrence. London: Verso.
bin Laden, Osama al-Zawahiri, A., Abu-Yasir Rifa’i Ahmad Taha, Mir Hamzah, S. and Rahman, F. (1998) Second Declaration of Holy War: Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, Washingtonpost.com: Reprinted as ‘Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement’ in Y. Alexander and M. S. Swetnam, Usama bin Laden’s al-Quaida: Profile of a Terrorist Network. Ardsley: Transnational Publishers, 2001, Appendix 1 B; and in bin Laden 2005, pp. 58–62.
Laustsen, C. B. and Wæver, O. (2000) ‘In Defence of Religion: Sacred Referent Objects for Securitization’, Millennium: Journal o f International Studies, 29(3): 705–39.
Madsen, B. B. and Ottosen, S. S. (2003) ‘A Place for Religion? A Discourse Analysis of the Hindu Nationalist Staging of the Sacred City of Ayodhya’. MA thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen.
Marty, M. E. and Appleby, R. S. (eds) (1995) Fundamentalisms Comprehended, Volume 5 of ‘The Fundamentalism Project’, sponsored by The American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCutcheon, R. T. (2003) ‘The Category “Religion” and the Politics of Tolerance’, Religion and the Social Order, 10: 139–62.
Mouritsen, Per (2006) ‘The Particular Universalism of a Nordic Civic Nation: Common Values, State Religion and Islam in Danish Political Culture’, in T. Modood, R. Zapata-Barrero and A. Triandafyllidou (eds), Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship. London: Routledge, pp. 70–93.
Pew (2005) ‘American Character Gets Mixed Reviews. U.S. IMAGE UP SLIGHTLY, BUT STILL NEGATIVE’, 16-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey, 23 June 23. http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/247.pdf.
Qutb, S. (2000) ‘“The America I Have Seen”: In the Scale of Human Values’ (1949), reprinted in Kamal Abdel-Malek, ed., America in an Arab Mirror: Images of America in Arabic Travel Literature: An Anthology (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 9–28.
Riesebrodt, M. (1993) Pious Passion: The Emergence of Fundamentalism in the United States and Iran. Berkeley, CA and London: University of California Press.
Rorty, R. (1989) Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ruthven, M. (2002) A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America. London: Granta Books.
Scheuer, M. (2002) — see Anonymous.
Scheuer, M. (2005 [2004]) Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror. Washington: Potomac Books (with new epilogue).
Sheikh, M. K. (2005) ‘Fear for Faith — Religion and Security Politics in Radical Islamism’. MA Thesis, Institute of Political Science, University of Copenhagen.
Sheikh, M. K. and Wæver, O. (2005) ‘Lines in Water and Sand: Comparative Secularism as Analytical Tool for Conflict Containment’, paper presented at the March 2005 International Studies Association Convention in Hawaii, USA. Revised version forthcoming in A. B. Tickner and O. Wæver (eds), Inflections of the International: Geocultural Epistemologies, Volume II.
Smith, W C. (1991 [1962]) The Meaning and End of Religion. Augsburg: Fortress Publishers.
Wallis, J. (2005) God’s Politics: Why the Right Gets It Wrong and the Left Doesn ‘t Get It. San Francisco: Harper.
Wren, K. (2001) ‘Cultural Racism: Something Rotten in the State of Denmark?’, Social and Cultural Geography, 2(2): 141–62.
Wæver, O. (1995) ‘Securitization and Desecuritization’, in R. D. Lipschutz (ed.), On Security. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 46–86.
Wæver, O (2006) ‘Aviser og religioner i en globaliseret verden — danneise og diplomati i Danmark’, in L. Christoffersen (ed.), Gudebilleder — Ytringsfrihed og religion i en globaliseret verden. Copenhagen: Tiderne Skifter, pp. 181–208.
Wæver, O (forthcoming) ‘What’s Religion Got to Do with it? Terrorism, War on Terror and Global Security’. Keynote lecture at the Nordic Conference on the Sociology of Religion, under revision for Nordic Journal of Religion and Society.
Wæver, O Buzan, B. and de Wilde, J. (2007) The Politics of Security: a Comprehensive Framework of Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers (follow-on edition to Buzan et al. 1998).
Wæver, O Buzan, B. and de Wilde, J. (forthcoming) Politics of Security: A Comprehensive Framework of Analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2008 Ole Wœver
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wœver, O. (2008). World Conflict over Religion: Secularism as a Flawed Solution. In: Mouritsen, P., Jørgensen, K.E. (eds) Constituting Communities. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230582088_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230582088_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-54628-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-58208-8
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)