Abstract
Approximately the size of France, the autonomous republic of Bashkortostan is one of the largest republics in the Russian Federation and a neighbour of the autonomous republic of Tatarstan, a fellow Muslim and Turkic state. Before the middle of the sixteenth century the Bashkorts were a part of the Tatar Kazan khanate (1437–1552), and before that belonged to the Golden Horde (1255–1502). The latter state was established by Batu, the Grandson of Genghis Khan, who in 1228 conquered the Bulgar state, which had been established by the ancestors of the Tatars in the ninth century in the Volga–Ural Basin. Russia was then confined to Kiev. An Arab missionary, Ibn-I-Fadhlan, spread Islam among the Tatars and Islam became firmly established in the Bulgar state in the tenth century. Subsequently, through Tatar missionary efforts, it spread among the Bashkorts. When Batu conquered Russia in 1240, Bulgars who had been drafted into his Mongol army fought in the vanguard. Consequently for Russians the Mongol invasion came to be known as the Tatar yoke. The Mongol Tatars ruled over Russia for 250 years.1
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Notes and references
Alton S. Donnelly, The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria, 1552–1940 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 19.
Alexandre A. Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Struggle for the Colonial World (Chicago, I11.: University of Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 37–60.
Alexandre Bennigsen, ‘Marxism or Pan-Islamism: Russian Bolsheviks and Tatar National Communists at the Beginning of the Civil War, July 1918’, Central Asia Survey, vol. 6, no. 2 (1987), p. 56.
Raphael S. Khakimov, ‘Political Life of Tatarstan’, Tatars and Tatarstan (in Russian) (Kazan: Tatar Book Publishing Co., 1993), pp. 94–7.
Sh. Tipeev, Bashkorstan Tarihi (Ufa, 1930), p. 94.
Radik Batyrshin, ‘Russian Federation: Yeltsin and Rahimov Reach an Agreement’, Nezavisimaya Gazata, The Current Digest of the Post Soviet Press (CDPSP), vol. XLVI, no. 31 (31 August 1994), p. 14.
Azade-Ayse Rorlich, The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986), pp. 10–11.
Vasily Ustyuzhanim, ‘The History of Russian Parliamentarianism’, Passport to the New World (Moscow: March–April 1994), pp. 82–3.
Archie Brown et al. (eds), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the former Soviet Union (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 361–3.
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© 2000 Hafeez Malik
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Malik, H. (2000). Revival of Nationalism in Bashkortostan. In: Malik, H. (eds) Russian–American Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230535749_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230535749_13
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