Skip to main content

Flight Capital and its Reversal for Development Financing

  • Chapter
External Finance for Private Sector Development

Abstract

Capital flight remains one of the enigmatic policy and academic issues of the day. Although from the end of the 1980s and early 1990s the debt crisis appeared to be contained and attention to the capital flight phenomenon waned, capital flight still remains a serious problem in a number of countries.The most pronounced concern among policymakers, researchers and the key stakeholders in economic development is that in most developing countries which are riddled with heavy debt burdens, foreign exchange shortages, transient and chronic poverty, capital flight amounts to a substantial proportion of the very resources which are essential for financing economic growth and reversing the perverse economic trends.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ajayi, I. S. (1997). ‘An Analysis of External Debt and Capital Flight in the Severely Indebted Low Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa’. IMF Working Paper WP/97/68. Washington, DC: IMF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A. and G. Tabellini (1989). ‘External Debt, Capital Flight and Political Risk’. Journal of International Economics, 27 (3–4): 199–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, P. T. (1981). Equality, the Third World and Economic Delusion. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, R. (1999). ‘Capital Flight under Uncertainty about Domestic Taxation and Trade Liberalization’. Journal of Development Economics, 59: 365–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerksund, P. and G. Schjelderup (1995). ‘Capital Controls and Capital Flight’. FinanzArchiv, 52 (1): 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, J. K. (1992). ‘The Revolving Door? External Debt and Capital Flight: A Philippine Case Study’. World Development, 20 (3): 335–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, J. K. (1993). The Philippines: The Political Economy of Growth and Impoverishment in the Marcos Era. London: Macmillan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, J. K. and L. Ndikumana (2001). ‘Is Africa a Net Creditor? New Estimates of Capital Flight from Severely Indebted Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1970–1996’. Journal of Development Studies, 38 (2): 27–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1990). ‘Sudan’s Other Economy: Migrants’ Remittances, Capital Flight and their Policy Implications’. Sub-series on Money, Finance and Development Working Paper 31. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, P. H. K. and R. E. Cumby (1991). ‘Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan African Countries’, in I. Husain and J. M. Underwood (eds), African External Finance in the 1990s. Washington, DC: World Bank, 162–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claessens, S. and D. Naude (1993). ‘Recent Estimates of Capital Flight’. Policy Research Working Papers, WPS 1186. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P., A. Hoeffler and C. Pattillo (2001). ‘Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice’. World Bank Economic Review, 15 (1): 55–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuddington, J. T. (1986). ‘Capital Flight, Issues and Explanations’. Princeton Studies in International Finance, 58. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuddington, J. T. (1987). ‘Macroeconomic Determinants of Capital Flight: An Econometric Investigation’, in D. R. Lessard and J. Williamson (eds), Capital Flight and Third World Debt. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 85–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumby, R. and R. Levich (1987). ‘Definitions and Magnitudes: On the Definition and Magnitude of Recent Capital Flight’, in D. R. Lessard and J. Williamson (eds), Capital Flight and Third World Debt. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 27–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deppler, M. and M. Williamson (1987). ‘Capital Flight: Concepts, Measurement, and Issues’. Staff Papers for the World Economic Outlook. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 39–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diwan, I. (1989). ‘Foreign Debt, Crowding Out, and Capital Flight’. Journal of International Money and Finance, 8 (1): 121–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, M. P. (1986). ‘Country-specific Risk Premiums, Capital Flight, and Net Investment Income Payments in Selected Developing Countries’. Washington, DC: IMF. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, M. P. (1988). ‘Capital Flight: A Response to Differences in Risk’. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 35: 422–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, M. P. and K. M. Kletzer (1994). ‘Capital Flight, External Debt and Domestic Policies’. NBER Working Paper 4793. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, J. (1987). ‘Public Debt Guarantees and Private Capital Flight’. The World Bank Economic Review, 1 (3): 377–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, J. and M. Gersovitz (1989). ‘Country Risk and the Organization of the International Capital Transfer’, in G. Calvo, R. Findlay, P. J. K. Kouri and J. Braga de Macedo (eds), Debt Stabilization and Development: Essays in Memory of Carlos Diaz- Alejandro. Oxford: Blackwell, 109–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggerstedt, H., R. Brideau Hall and S. van Wijnbergen (1995). ‘Measuring Capital Flight: A Case Study of Mexico’. World Development, 23 (2): 211–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erbe, S. (1985). ‘The Flight of Capital from Developing Countries’. Intereconomics, 20: 268–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Financial Times (2002). 26 February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, M. J. (1993). ‘Foreign Debt Accumulation: Financial and Fiscal Effects and Monetary Policy Reactions of Developing Countries’. Journal of International Money and Finance, 12 (4): 347–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, Heather D. and Euclid Tskalotos (1993). ‘Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries’. The Manchester School, 61 (2): 144–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, David B. and Ross Levine (1989). ‘The “Problem” of Capital Flight: A Cautionary Note’. The World Economy, 12 (2): 237–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, S. K. (1987). ‘A Note on Trade Misinvoicing’, in D. R. Lessard, and J. Williamson (eds), Capital Flight and Third World Debt. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 68–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, L. (1996). ‘Capital Flight from Beautiful Places: The Case of Three Caribbean Countries’. International Review of Applied Economics, 10 (2): 263–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermes, N. and R. Lensink (1992). ‘The Magnitude and Determinants of Capital Flight: The Case for Six Sub-Saharan African Countries’. De Economist, 140 (4): 515–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermes, N. and R. Lensink (2001). ‘Capital Flight and the Uncertainty of Government Policies’. Economics Letters, 71 (3): 377–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermes, N., R. Lensink and V. Murinde (1999). ‘The Magnitude and Determinants of Capital Flight in Eastern Europe’, in A. W. Mullineux and C. J. Green (eds), Economic Performance and Financial Sector Reform in Central and Eastern Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 243–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermes, N., R. Lensink and V. Murinde (2003). ‘Capital Flight, Policy Uncertainty, and the Instability of the International Financial System’, in A. Mullineux and V. Murinde (eds), Handbook of International Banking. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ize, Alain and Guillermo Ortiz (1987). ‘Fiscal Rigidities, Public Debt, and Capital Flight’. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 34 (2): 311–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kant, C. (1996). ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Capital Flight’. Princeton Studies in International Finance, 80. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketkar, S. L. and K. W. Ketkar (1989). ‘Determinants of Capital Flight from Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico’. Contemporary Policy Issues, 7 (3): 11–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. S. and N. Ul Haque (1985). ‘Foreign Borrowing and Capital Flight: A Formal Analysis’. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 32 (4): 606–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1987). ‘A Historical Perspective’, in D. R. Lessard, and J. Williamson (eds), Capital Flight and Third World Debt. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 7–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lensink, R., N. Hermes and Victor Murinde (1998). ‘The Effect of Financial Liberalization on Capital Flight in African Economies’. World Development, 26 (7): 1349–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lensink, R., N. Hermes and V. Murinde (2000). ‘Capital Flight and Political Risk’. The Journal of International Money and Finance, 19 (1): 73–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lessard, D. R. and J. Williamson (eds) (1987). Capital Flight and Third World Debt. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. and D. Renelt (1992). ‘A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions’. American Economic Review, 82 (4): 942–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen, J. G. (1991). ‘An Econometric Investigation of Capital Flight’. Applied Economics, 23: 73–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan Guaranty (1986). ‘LDC Capital Flight’. World Financial Markets, 2: 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan Guaranty (1988). ‘LDC Debt Reduction: A Critical Appraisal’. World Financial Markets, 7: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murinde, V., N. Hermes and R. Lensink (1996). ‘Comparative Aspects of the Magnitude and Determinants of Capital Flight in Six Sub-Saharan African Countries’. Savings and Development Quarterly Review, 20 (1): 61–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muscatelli, A. and A. H. Hallett (1992). ‘How Successfully Do We Measure Capital Flight? Evidence from Five Developing Countries’. Journal of Development Studies, 28 (3): 538–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ndikumana, L. and J. K. Boyce (2003). ‘Public Debts and Private Assets: Explaining Capital Flight from Sub-Saharan African Countries’. World Development, 31 (1): 107–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng’eno, N. K. (2000). ‘Capital Flight in Kenya’, in I. Ajayi and M. S. Khan (eds), External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The IMF Institute, 300–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyoni, T. (2000). ‘Capital Flight from Tanzania’, in I. Ajayi and M. S. Khan (eds), External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The IMF Institute, 265–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olopoenia, R. (2000). ‘Capital Flight from Uganda’, in I. Ajayi and M. S. Khan (eds), External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The IMF Institute, 238–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastor, M. Jr. (1990). ‘Capital Flight from Latin America’. World Development, 18 (1): 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, A. and E. Sadka (1991). ‘Efficient Investment Incentives in the Presence of Capital Flight’. Journal of International Economics, 31 (1–2): 171–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). ‘I Just Ran Two Million Regressions’. American Economic Review, 87 (2): 178–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheets, N. (1995). ‘Capital Flight from the Countries in Transition: Some Theory and Empirical Evidence’. International Finance Discussion Papers, 514. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tornell, A. and A. Velasco (1992). ‘The Tragedy of the Commons and Economic Growth: Why Does Capital Flow from Poor to Rich Countries?’. Journal of Political Economy, 100 (6): 1208–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, R. (1992). ‘Private Foreign Asset Accumulation, Not Just Capital Flight: Evidence from the Philippines’. Journal of Development Studies, 28 (3): 500–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, I. (1987). ‘The Mechanisms of Capital Flight’, in D. R. Lessard and J. Williamson (eds), Capital Flight and Third World Debt. Washington. DC: Institute for International Economics, 103–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (1985). World Development Report 1985. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2002). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zedillo, E. (1987). ‘Mexico,’ in D. R. Lessard and J. Williamson (eds), Capital Flight and Third World Debt. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 174–85.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2004 United Nations University

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hermes, N., Lensink, R., Murinde, V. (2004). Flight Capital and its Reversal for Development Financing. In: Odedokun, M. (eds) External Finance for Private Sector Development. Studies in Development Economics and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230524132_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics