Abstract
Has national feeling played a role in promoting the history of the crusades since their own era? The sense of belonging to a national or provincial community was not alien to the mentality of the people of the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with more reason than those of later epochs. The local interests of some of the narrators of the First Crusade can be identified:1 Raymond d’Aguilers’s attention scarcely moved beyond the exploits and adventures of the count of Toulouse’s contingent to which he belonged; others remembered more of what concerned the Norman princes’ forces, or Godfrey de Bouillon’s Lotharingians, and we have, for example, the echoes of the mockery hurled at the Provençaux, or, during the Second Crusade, the Germans, whom the French criticized for being slow-moving.2 But the frictions between the various contingents, even if they sometimes led to brawls, remained marginal, and the chroniclers who mentioned them do not seem to have been driven by the desire to promote their own compatriots at the expense of the others.
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Notes
A. V. Murray, ‘Questions of Nationality in the First Crusade’, Medieval History, 1.3 (1991), 61–73.
Johannes Kinnamos (extracts with Latin translation under the title’De secunda expeditione’), in Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens Grecs, vol. 1 (Paris, 1881), p. 84; English translation in: Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, by John Kinnamos, trans. by C. M. Brand (New York, 1976), p. 70.
Guibert de Nogent, Dei gesta per Francos et cinq autres textes, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis, 127 A(Tumhout, 1996), Bk 1, part 1, lines 106–11, pp. 88–9.
Peregrinationes tres: Saewulf John of Wurzburg, Theodoricus, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Medievalis 139 (Turnhout, 1995), pp. 124–6.
L’estoire de la guerre sainte par Ambroise, ed. G. Paris (Paris, 1897), pp. 226–8, lines 8440–518; The History of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la guerre sainte, ed. M. Ailes and M. Barber, 2 vols (Woodbridge, 2003), vol. 1, lines 8424–98, vol. 2, pp. 145–6.
E. Martene and U. Durand, eds, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, vol. 2 (Paris, 1717), col. 405, no. 379.
K. Skovgaard-Petersen, A Journey to the Promised Land. Crusading Theology in the ‘Historia de profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam’ (c. 1200) (Copenhagen, 2001).
N. Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992).
R. F. Cook and L. S. Crist, Le second cycle de la croisade (Geneva, 1972).
Torquato Tasso, Gerusalemme liberata, ed. Roberto Fedi (Rome and Salerno, 1993).
J. Bongars, ed., Gesta Dei per Francos sive orientalium expeditionum et regni Francorum Hierosolymitani historia (Hanover, 1611).
L. Maimbourg (le P.), Histoire des croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte (Paris, 1675–76, many reprints).
G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective ofByzantium and the Muslim World, ed. A. Laiou and R. Mottahedeh (Dumbarton Oaks, 2001), pp. 1–22, esp. pp. 7–8.
Voltaire, Histoire des croisades parM. Arouetde Voltaire (Berlin, 1751), republished to follow Micromegas (London, 1752), returned to in Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit des nations, first published under the title Histoire universelle depuis Charlemagne jusqu’a Charles-Quint, 2 vols (Colmar, 1754), chs 53–8.
J. Richard, ‘Jean-Baptiste Mailly et l’Esprit des croisades’, Memoires de l’Academie des sciences, arts et belles-letlres de Dijon, 136 (1997–98), 349–59.
J. Richard, ‘De Jean-Baptiste Mailly a Joseph-Francois Michaud: un moment de l’histoire des croisades (1772–1841)’, Crusades, 1 (2002), 1–12.
J. F. Michaud, Histoire des croisades, 4th edn (Paris, 1829), vol. 5.
C. Constans and P. Lamarque, Les salles des croisades au chateau de Versailles (Versailles and Dossard, 2002).
R. A. de Vertot, Histoire des chevaliers hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem, 4 vols (Paris, 1726).
J. Richard, ‘L’histoire des croisades dans la galerie de Versailles’, in Les salles des croisades, ed. Constans and Lamarque, pp. 7–22; cf. P. Roger, La noblessede 1’ancienne France aux croisades (Paris, 1845) — showing the trust that was placed in these documents.
R-H. Bautier, ‘La collection de chartes de croisades dite “Collection Courtois”’, Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Comptes rendus des Seances (1956), pp. 382–86; R-H. Bautier, ‘Forgeries et falsifications de documents par une officine genealogique au milieu du XIX siecle’, Bibliotheque de 1’Eco1e des Chartes, 132 (1974), 7S-93; D. Abulafia, ‘Invented Italians in the Courtois Collection’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 13543. An earlier creation was a ‘Duke of Teck’ who had supposedly taken part in the crusades: A. V. Murray, ‘Walther, Duke of Teck. The Invention of a German Hero of the First Crusade’, Medieval Prosopography, 13 (1998), 35–54.
H. de Boulainvilliers, Essais sur la noblesse en France (Amsterdam, 1732); M. de Choiseul-Daillecourt, De 1’influence des croisades sur l’etat des peuples de 1’Europe (Paris, 1809).
A. Beugnot, ‘Rapport sur la publication du Recueil des historiens des croisades’, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens Occidentaux, vol. 1 (Paris, 1844), pp. 9–11.
L. de Mas Latrie, L’ile de Chypre: sa situation présente, ses souvenirs du Moyen Age (Paris, 1879). Cf. H. Wallon, ‘Notice sur la vie et les travaux du comte J-M J-L. de Mas-Latrie’, Institut de France. Académie des Inscriptions. Seance publique du 17 novembre 1899, reprinted in Bibliotheque de I’Ecole des Chartes, 60 (1899), 617–39.
A. Knobler, ‘Saint Louis and French Political Culture’, Studies in Medievalism in Europe, 2.8, ed. L. Workmans and K. Verdurin (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 156–76; Y. Potin, ‘Saint Louis l’Africain’, Afrique et histoire, 1 (2003), 23–74, esp. 54–67.
On this scholarly quarrel prompted by a collection of charters from the Le Mans region, see Abbe A. Angot, Les croises de Mayenne en 1158. Etude critique (Le Mans, 1896); J. Laurain, Un dernier mot sur la croisade de 1158 et le chartrier de Goué (Laval, 1916).
After Ivanhoe (1819), which recounted the crusader’s return, Walter Scott wrote two novels set during Richard’s crusade which make up his ‘Tales of the Crusades’: Richard in Palestine, or the Talisman and The Betrothed (1825).
H. C. L. von Sybel, Geschichte der ersten Kreuzzuges (Dusseldorf and Bonn, 1841). This German scholarship would later open up a new road of research with Carl Erdmann’s Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedanken, ‘the origin of the idea of crusade’ (Stuttgart, 1935); translated by M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart as The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (Princeton, 1977).
F. W. Wentzlaff-Eggebert, Kreuzzugsdichtung des Mittelalters (Berlin, 1860).
P. Riant, ‘Note sur la Societe de l’Orient Latin’, Paris, Bibliotheque SainteGenevieve, MS 3663, fol. 173f.
A. Dupront, Le mythe de la croisade, ed. P. Nora, 4 vols (Paris, 1997), vol. 1, pp. 520–40.
Ibid., pp. 539–40; Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh, 1999), p. 593; J. Riley-Smith, ‘Islam and the Crusades in History and Imagination, 8 November 1898–11 September 2001’, Crusades, 2 (2003), 151–2.
On this see Elizabeth Siberry, ‘Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. J. Riley-Smith (Oxford, 1995), pp. 383–4. See also Vivien Gilbert, The Romance of the Last Crusade: With Allenby to Jerusalem (New York and London, 1923).
A. M. Barres, Une Enquete aux pays du Levant, 2 vols (Paris, 1923); L. Madelin, L’expansion francaise de la Syrie au Rhin (Paris, 1918).
C. Enlart, Le monuments des croises dans le royaume de Jerusalem, 2 vols and 2 vols of pictures (Paris, 1925–27); P. Deschamps, Les châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte, 3 vols and 3 vols of pictures (Paris, 1934–73).
R. Grousset, Le reveil de l’Asie. L’imperialisme britannique et la revolte des peuples (Paris, 1924); R. Grousset, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jerusalem, 3 vols (Paris, 1934–36); R. Grousset, L’Empire du Levant. Histoire de la question d’Orient (Paris, 1946); Dupront, Le mythe de la croisade, p. 535, writes of’the confrontation of two worlds’.
J. Longnon, Les Franfais d’Outrerner au Moyen Age, 2nd edn (Paris, 1929).
G. Dodu, Histoire des institutions monarchiques dans le royaume de Jerusalem (Paris, 1894). For another unfavourable view of the Franks’ behaviour in the Holy Land, see H. Prutz, Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzziige (Berlin, 1883).
Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1951–54), vol. 3, pp. 472, 480.
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Richard, J. (2005). National Feeling and The Legacy of The Crusades. In: Nicholson, H.J. (eds) Palgrave Advances in the Crusades. Palgrave Advances. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230524095_10
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