Abstract
The crusades were a startling and spectacular phenomenon which exerted a powerful influence on European development over a period of many centuries. Crusading was a many-faceted experience and much recent writing has been devoted to explaining how the remarkable notion of salvation by slaughter arose and to understanding the mentalities which gave rise to it. Out of this has arisen an exciting debate about the nature of crusading, between the ‘pluralists’, chiefly British and American, who argue that the crusade was essentially an arm of papal policy and others, mainly continental European, who argue for an organic connection between Jerusalem and the movement. This may currently be the dominant theme in writing about the crusades, but it is most certainly not the only one.
I would like to thank contributors to this book for their contributions to this introduction.
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Notes
C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998), p. 21, citing Epistulae et chartae ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes: Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100, ed. H. Hagenmeyer (Innsbruck, 1901), p. 142; C. Du Fresne Du Cange, Glossariurn mediae et infimae latinitatis (Paris, 1840–50), vol. 2, p. 680 (‘crux assumere’); Le Robert Dictionnaire de la langue francaise, 2nd edn, vol. 3 (Paris, 1992), pp. 64–5.
Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 48–67, in The Riverside Chaucer, 3rd edn, ed. L. D. Benson (Oxford, 1987); M. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade’, in English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London, 1983), pp. 45–61; N. Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992), pp. 281, 342.
G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. A. E. Laiou and R. P. Mottahedeh (Washington, DC, 2001), pp. 1–22, at p. 6; Housley, LaterCrusades, pp. 84, 99–100, 385, 388, 420.
Martin Luther, ‘Explanations of the Ninety-Five Theses’ (1518), in Luther’s Works, ed. H. T. Lehmann, vol. 31: Career of the Reformer, ed. H. J. Grimm (Philadelphia, 1957), pp. 27–33, 91–2; ‘On War Against the Turk’ (1529), in Luther’s Works, vols 44–47, The Christian in Society, ed. J. Atkinson: vol. 46, ed. R. C. Schultz (Philadelphia, 1967), p. 186.
Constable, ‘Historiography of the Crusades’, pp. 6–7; M. J. Heath, Crusading Commonplaces: La Noue, Lucinge, and RhetoricAgainst the Turks (Geneva, 1986); F. L. Baumer, ‘England, the Turk, and the Common Corps of Christendom’, American Historical Review, 50 (1944–5), 26–48.
J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (London, 1990), pp. 251–4.
E. Bóka, ‘Crusader Tradition in the Seventeenth-Century European Political Thought’, Siidost-Forschungen, 53 (1994), 39–59.
F. Femandez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation frorn the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (Basingstoke, 1987), pp. 212–17; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 308–12; P. Moffitt Watts, ‘Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus’s “Enterprise of the Indies”’, American Historical Review, 90 (1985), 73–102; and see James Muldoon (Chapter 2, this volume).
E. Siberry, ‘Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. J. Riley-Smith (Oxford, 1995), pp. 365–85.
D. Gutwein and S. Menache, ‘Just War, Crusade and Jihad: Conflicting Propaganda Strategies During the Gulf Crisis (1990–1991)’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 80 (2002), 385–400.
Thomas Fuller, The Historie of the Holy Warre (Cambridge, 1639), especially pp. 282–6.
Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 7 vols (London, 1904–06), vol. 6, ch. 61, pp. 444–6.
R. Irwin, ‘Orientalism and the Early Development of Crusader Studies’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 214–30.
R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350 (Oxford, 1993), p. 20.
See also R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987).
See J. H. Pryor, Commerce, Shipping and Naval Warfare in the Medieval Mediterranean (London, 1987); J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571 (Cambridge, 1988); J. H. Pryor, “Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.” Water Supplies for the Fleets on the First Crusade’, in Dei Gesta per Francos: Etudes sur les croisades dédiées a Jean Richard — Crusade Studies in Honour of Jean Richard, ed. M. Balard, B. Z. Kedar and J. Riley-Smith (Aldershot, 2001), pp. 21–8; M. Barber, ‘Supplying the Crusader States: The Role of the Templars’, in The Horns ofHattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), pp. 314–26; reprinted in M. Barber, Crusaders and Heretics, 12th-14th Centuries (Aldershot, 1995), no. XII.
W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership (Princeton, 1979); G. Constable, ‘Financing the Crusades in the Twelfth Century’, in Outremer: Studies in the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem Presented to Joshua Prawer, ed. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and J. Riley-Smith (Jerusalem, 1982), pp. 64–88; S. Lloyd, ‘The Crusading Movement, 1096–1274’, in Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Riley-Smith, pp. 34–65.
This definition is based on K. Jenkins, ‘Postmodernism’, in An Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, ed. K. Boyd (London and Chicago, 1999), p. 952.
H. E. Mayer, review of J. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades? in Speculum, 53 (1978), 841–2, here 841.
J. Riley-Smith, WhatWere the Crusades? (Basingstoke, 1977). See also J. RileySmith, ‘History, the Crusades and the Latin East (1095–1204): A Personal View’, in Crusaders and Muslims in the Tivelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden, 1993), pp. 1–17.
M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’, in his Crusaders and Heretics, Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries, no. IX; G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores’, Revue Beige de Philologie et d’Histoire, 66 (1988), 249–67; G. Dickson, ‘La genese de la croisade des enfants (1212)’, Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes, 153 (1995), 53–102; G. Dickson, ‘Stephen of Cloyes, Philip Augustus, and the Children’s Crusade of 1212’, in Journeys Toward God: Pilgrimage and Crusade, ed. B. N. Sargent-Baur (Kalamazoo, 1992), pp. 83–105.
For some of the debates see John Gilchrist, ‘The Erdmann Thesis and the Canon Law, 1083–1141’, in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 37–45; J. Gilchrist, ‘The Papacy and War against the “Saracens”, 795–1216’, International History Review, 10 (1988), 174–97; Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 8–29.
C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 589616; J. Riley-Smith, ‘Islam and the Crusades in History and Imagination, 1 November 1898–11 September 2001’, Crusades, 2 (2003), 151–67.
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Nicholson, H.J. (2005). Introduction: Definition and Scope. In: Nicholson, H.J. (eds) Palgrave Advances in the Crusades. Palgrave Advances. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230524095_1
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