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The German Reichstage and the Crusade

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Crusading in the Fifteenth Century

Abstract

Crusades were not all alike. The concept, which in the central Middle Ages designated a series of armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land associated with expansionist goals, came as a result of the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453 to assume a thoroughly defensive character. These traumatic losses called for concrete answers. But before a military response could be made, a process of mobilization was necessary, not least because of the wide-ranging nature of the problem, which affected the whole of Christendom.1 In practice, however, the response to the Turks in the fifteenth century was above all rhetorical. At the German imperial assemblies in the wake of the fall of Constantinople a new and characteristic form of oration was fashioned, which in the literature acquired the name ‘oration against the Turks’ (Türkenrede) or ‘oration for a war against the Turks’ (Türkenkriegsrede). The aim was to persuade the German princes to commit themselves to a military expedition against the steadily expanding Ottomans by convincing them of its necessity, through the use of argument and emotion. The key figure in this development proved to be the humanist and imperial counsellor Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, later Pope Pius II (1406–64). At the assemblies that took place at Regensburg, Frankfurt and Wiener Neustadt in 1454–5 he adapted anti-Turkish oration to the needs of the Reichstage; he was the first to shape classical rhetoric for such an arena, making it a medium for the politics of the day, and the exposition of a topical subject matter.

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Notes

  1. See C. Göllner, Turcica, vols 1–2, Die europäischen Türkendrucke des 16. Jahrhunderts, vol. 3, Die Türkenfrage in der öffentlichen Meinung Europas im 16. Jahrhundert (Bucharest, 1961–78); K. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), 2 (Philadelphia, 1978); N. Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580. From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992).

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  1. Johannes Helmrath
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  1. University of Leicester, UK

    Norman Housley (Professor of History) (Professor of History)

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Helmrath, J. (2004). The German Reichstage and the Crusade. In: Housley, N. (eds) Crusading in the Fifteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523357_4

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