Skip to main content

Cooperation, Risk and the Evolution of Teamwork

  • Chapter
Teamwork

Abstract

Our aims in this chapter are twofold. First, we place teamwork in the context of the evolutionary analysis of cooperation and altruism. This allows us to predict the evolutionary scenarios likely to have favoured the evolution of team work, the probable origins of human teamwork and the biases to be predicted in team thinking. Second, we examine the influences of environmental adversity and uncertainty (both conceptualized as ‘risk’) on cooperation in the organic world and describe a new model to explain these influences. We conclude by drawing conclusions about the role of environmental risk in the emergence of human cooperation and teamwork.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andras, P., Lazarus, J. and Roberts, G. (In prep.) Environmental adversity and uncertainty favour cooperation. Mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andras, P., Roberts, G. and Lazarus, J. (2003) Environmental risk, cooperation and communication complexity. In: Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (edited by Alonso, E., Kudenko, D. and Kazakov, D.), pp. 49–65. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, R. (1984) The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, R. and Hamilton, W. (1981) ‘The evolution of cooperation’. Science, 211, 1390–1396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (1992) (eds) The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R. and Lorberbaum, J. P. (1987) ‘No pure strategy is evolutionarily stable in the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game’, Nature, 327, 58–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callaway, R., Brooker, R., Choler, P., Kikvidze, Z., Lortiek, C., Michalet, R., Paolini, L., Pugnaireq, F., Newingham, B., Aschehoug, E., Armasq, C., Kikodze, D. and Cook, B. (2002) ‘Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress’, Nature, 417, 844–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caporael, L. R., Dawes, R. M., Orbell, J. M. and van de Kragt, A. J. C. (1989) ‘Selfishness examined: Cooperation in the absence of egoistic incentives’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 683–739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colman, A. M. (2003) ‘Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 139–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (2002) ‘Two special issues on Risk’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 23, 1–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1872) The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (6th edn). London: John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bono, M., Tobin, D. M., Davis, M. W., Avery, L. and Bargmann, C. I. (2002) ‘Social feeding in Caenorhabditis eiegans is induced by neurons that detect aversive stimuli’, Nature, 419, 899–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drenkard, E. and Ausubel, F. M. (2002) ‘Pseudomonas biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are linked to phenotypic variation’, Nature, 416, 740–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dugatkin, L. A. (1997) Cooperation among animals: An evolutionary perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. P. and Magurran, A. E. (1999) ‘Geographic variation in sperm production by Trinidadian guppies’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 266, 2083–2087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farr, J. A. (1975) ‘The role of predation in the evolution of social behavior of natural populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidea)’, Evolution, 29, 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, E. and Fischbacher, U. (2003) ‘The nature of human altruism’, Nature, 425, 785–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, E. and Rockenbach, B. (2003) ‘Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism’, Nature, 422, 137–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R. H. (1988) Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R. H., Gilovich, T. and Regan, D. T. (1993) ‘The evolution of one-shot cooperation: an experiment’, Ethnology and Sociobiology, 14, 247–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. (1996) Human nature and the reconstruction of social order. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G. (2002) Reckoning with risk: Learning to live with uncertainty. London: Allen Lane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gintis, H., Smith, E. and Bowles, S. (2001) ‘Costly signaling and cooperation’, J Theor Biol, 213, 103–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, E. P. (2003) ‘Tiny teamwork’, Nature, 424, 134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. D. (1964) ‘The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II’, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–16, 17–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, K., O’Connell, J. F. and Blurton-Jones, N. G. (2001) ‘Hadza meat sharing’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 113–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, M. A. (1992) The social psychology of group cohesiveness. From attraction to social identity. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kameda, T., Takezawa, M., Tindale, R. and Smith, C. (2002) ‘Social sharing and risk reduction: Exploring a computational algorithm for the psychology of windfall gains’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 23, 11–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. and Hill, K. (1985) ‘Food sharing among Ache foragers — Tests of explanatory hypotheses’. Current Anthropology, 26, 223–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, J. (2003) ‘Let’s cooperate to understand cooperation’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 169–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard Smith, J. (1964) ‘Group selection and kin selection’, Nature, 201, 1145–1147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard Smith, J. (1976) ‘Group selection’, Quarterly Review of Biology, 51, 277–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, D. J. and Lloyd, I. (1973) ‘Time-shared feeding and drinking’, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 48–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milinksi, M., Semmann, D., Bakker, T. and Krambeck, H.-J. (2001) ‘Cooperation through indirect reciprocity: image scoring or standing strategy?’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 2495–2501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milinski, M., Semmann, D. and Krambeck, H.-J. (2002) ‘Reputation helps solve the “tragedy of the commons”’ Nature, 415, 424–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Toole, G. A. (2002) ‘A resistance switch’, Nature, 416, 695–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, E., Walker, J. and Gardner, R. (1992) ‘Covenants with and without a sword: self-governance is possible’, American Political Science Review, 86, 404–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, G. (1998) ‘Competitive altruism: from reciprocity to the handicap principle’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 427–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, G. and Sherratt, T. N. (1998) ‘Development of cooperative relationships through increasing investment’, Nature, 394, 175–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seghers, B. H. (1974) ‘Schooling behaviour in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): an evolutionary response to predation’, Evolution, 28, 486–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P. K., Parsek, M. R., Greenberg, E. P. and Welsh, M.J. (2002) ‘A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development’, Nature, 417, 552–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sober, E. and Wilson, D. S. (1998) Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behaviour. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolowski, M. B. (2002) ‘Social eating for stress’, Nature, 419, 893–894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spinks, A. C., Jarvis, J. U. M. and Bennett, N. C. (2000) ‘Comparative patterns of philopatry and dispersal in two common mole-rat populations: implications for the evolution of mole-rat sociality’, Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 224–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, D. W. and Krebs, J. R. (1986) Foraging theory. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strassmann, J. E., Zhu, Y. and Queller, D. C. (2000) ‘Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum’, Nature, 408, 965–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen, N. (1963) ‘On aims and methods of ethology’, Z Tierpsychol, 20, 410–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L. (1971) ‘The evolution of reciprocal altruism’, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L. (1974) ‘Parent-offspring conflict’, American Zoologist, 14, 249–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962) Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2005 Peter Andras and John Lazarus

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Andras, P., Lazarus, J. (2005). Cooperation, Risk and the Evolution of Teamwork. In: Gold, N. (eds) Teamwork. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523203_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics