Abstract
Research on the important topic of the impact of Napoleon outside France is expanding, but not yet fully developed. In particular, our knowledge regarding the influence of resistance to Napoleon in Europe as a whole is still rather limited. For example, what factors could explain the diversity of European national reactions to the Napoleonic imperium? Does the answer lie in differences between the strategies that were adopted by the nations of Europe, or differences in the projects of Napoleon himself? Or is does it lie in pre-existing and deeply-rooted differences between the various national histories of Europe? And, if this last is the case, what importance should be attributed to such factors as revolution (or its absence), the Enlightenment, the dominant religious confession and national unity (or, again, its absence)? Can we expect to find a similar reaction to Napoleon in the cases of Germany, which was divided in terms of both politics and religion, Italy, which was divided in terms of politics but united in terms of religion, and Spain, which was united in terms of politics and religion alike?
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Notes
For the period of the French Revolution, cf. B. Durruty, ‘Les auteurs de catéchismes révolutionnaires (1789–1799)’, Annales Historiques de la Révolution française, no. 283 (January, 1991), pp. 1–18; J. Hébrard, ‘La Révolution expliquée aux enfants : les catéchismes de l’an II’, in M.F. Levy (ed.) L’Enfant, la Famille et la Révolution Française (Paris, 1990), pp. 171–92;
J. Hébrard, ‘Les catéchismes de la première Révolution et répertoire bibliographique des catéchismes révolutionnaires’ in L. Andriès (ed.), Colporter la Révolution : Lumières et Almanachs Populaires (Montreuil, 1989), pp. 53–81; R. Texier, ‘Les catéchismes du citoyen à la Révolution’, Impacts, nos. 1–2 (June 1990), pp. 35–52. For the Spanish case, cf. J.R. Aymes, ‘Du catéchisme religieux au catéchisme politique (fin du XVIIIe siècle — début du XIXe)’, in J.R. Aymes, E.M. Fell, and J.L. Guereña (eds), Ecole et Eglise en Espagne et Amérique Latine: Aspects Idéologiques et Institutionnels (Tours, 1988), pp. 17–32;
A. Capitán DÃaz, Los catecismos polÃticos en España. 1808–1822 (Granada, 1978);
A. Capitán DÃaz, ‘Los catecismos polÃticos en los inicios del siglo XIX español : un intento de formación polÃtica y social del pueblo’, in G. Ossenbach Santer et al. (eds) La Révolución francesa y su influencia en la educación en España (Madrid, 1992), pp. 437–49; M. Morales Muñoz, ‘Los catecismos y la instrucción popular en la España del siglo XIX’ in Aymes et al., Ecole et Eglise, pp. 33–46;
M. Morales Muñoz, ‘Las enseñanzas de la virtud: reglas civico-morales en los catecismos del siglo XIX’, in R. Duroux (ed.), Les Traités de Savoir-Vivre en Espagne et au Portugal du Moyen-Âge à nos Jours (Clermont-Ferrand, 1995), pp. 277–86;
J. Muñoz Perez, ‘Los catecismos politicos: de la ilustración al primer liberalismo español, 1808–1822’, Gades, XVI (1987), pp. 209–10;
M.A. Ruiz de Azúa (ed.), Catecismos polÃticos españoles (Madrid, 1989). For the Italian case, cf.
L. Guerci, ‘Les catéchismes républicains en Italie (1796–1799)’, in M. Vovelle, L’Image de la Révolution Française (Paris, 1989), I, pp. 359–68;
L. Guerci, Mente, cuore, coraggio, virtu repubblicane: educare il popolo nell? Italia in rivoluzione, 1796–1799 (Turini, 1992).
M. Morales Muñoz, Los catecismos en la España del siglo XIX (Malaga, 1990).
Cf. J.R. Aymes, ‘Catecismos franceses de la Révolución y catecismos españoles de la Guerra de la Independencia : esbozo de comparación’ in Ossenbach Santer, La Révolución francesa y su influencia en la educación en España, pp. 407–36; Guerci, ‘Mente, cuore, coraggio, virtu repubblicane’; D. Tanck de Estrada ‘Los catecismos polÃticos: de la Révolución Francesa a México independiente’, in S. Alberro et al. (eds) La Révolución Francesa en México (Mexico, 1992), pp. 491–506;
M. Michel, Politische Katechismen: Volney, Kleist, Heß (Frankfurt am Main, 1966).
For a discussion of these issues, cf. J.-C. Dhotel, Les origines du catéchisme moderne d’après les premiers manuels imprimés en France (Paris, 1967), and
J.R. Armogathe, ‘Les catéchismes et l’enseignement populaire en France au dix-huitième siècle’, in A. Colin (ed.) Images du peuple au XVIIIe siècle (Aix, 1973), pp. 103–22.
H. v. Kleist, ‘Katechismus der Deutschen, abgefasst nach dem Spanischen, zum Gebrauch für Kinder und Alte’, in H. v. Kleist, Politische Schriften und andere Nachträge zu seinen Werke, ed. R. Koepke (Berlin, 1862). The Spanish catecismo civil appeared in German as ‘Bürger-Katechismus und kurzer Inbegriff der Pflichten eines Spaniers, nebst praktischer Kenntnis seiner Freiheit und Beschreibung seines Feindes. Von großem Nutzen bey den gegenwärtigen Angelegenheiten. Gedruckt zu Sevillia und für die Schulen der Provinzen vertheilt’.
For a discussion of these issues, cf. W. Harle et al. (eds), Theologische Realenzyklopaedie (Berlin, 1988–98), XVII, pp. 686–710; ibid., XXIX, pp. 33–49.
C. Ginzburg, History, Rhetoric and Proof (Hanover, 1999), p. 77.
For just two prominent examples, cf. L. Blanc, Catéchisme des socialistes (Paris, 1849), and R. Owen, The Catechism of the New Moral World (Leeds, 1838).
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Delivré, E. (2005). The Pen and the Sword: Political Catechisms and Resistance to Napoleon. In: Esdaile, C.J. (eds) Popular Resistance in the French Wars. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230522992_8
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