Abstract
Neoliberal integration presents labour with momentous challenges.2 Neoliberal ideology defines the world as one where expanding free trade and investment are the only true sources of economic development and prosperity. Policies that regulate competition, restrict capital mobility, transfer income, protect the disadvantaged, or in any other way interfere with global market expansion and corporate discretion are defined as inimical to progress. Thus, labour and other subordinate social forces are called upon to contest the ideology and practice of neoliberal integration, including the political institutions that promote and manage it. While national acts of resistance are unavoidable and necessary, they are not sufficient.
‘Beyond the built-in agenda, issues which have been proposed by some countries include trade and labour standards (the most potentially controversial of all these subjects).’ Renato Ruggiero, Director-General World Trade Organization (WTO), 28 May 1996.1
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Notes
Renato, Ruggiero ‘The Road Ahead: International Trade Policy in the Era of the World Trade Organization’, report by the Director-General of the WTO, 28 May 1996. At http://www.unicc.org:80/wto/welcome.html; wto/whats_new/press49.html (emphasis added).
John Logue, Toward a Theory of Trade Union Internationalism (Kent Popular Press, 1980).
Labour movements in the North do not have the answers but, because of their strategic position and history, some are very much part of the problem. While it may not revolutionize, the integration into international labour politics of more politicized unions from countries such as S. Korea, the Philippines, South Africa and Brazil, will only have a positive role. For background see Iram Jacome Rodrigues, ‘The CUT [Unified Workers Central of Brazil]: New Unionism at a Crossroads’, NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 28, No. 6 (1995), pp. 30–4.
Kim Scipes, ‘Under-standing the New Labour Movements in the `Third World’: The Emergence of Social Movement Unionism’, Critical Sociology, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1992), pp. 81–101.
Peter Waterman, From Labor Internationalism to Global Solidarity (Manuscript, 1997), Ch. 5.
The Group of Lisbon, Limits to Competition (MIT Press, 1995).
John Gerard Ruggie, ‘At Home Abroad, Abroad at Home: International Liberalization and Domestic Stability in the New World Economy’, Millennium, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1994), pp. 507–26.
Eric Leser, ‘Les pays du G7 jugent “essentielle” une meillure surveillance des risques de marché’, Le Monde, 2 July 1996, p. 21.
Michael Gold, ‘An Overview of the Social Dimension’, in Michael Gold (ed.), The Social Dimension: Employment Policy in the European Community (Macmillan Press, 1993), Ch. 1.
Ian Robinson, North American Trade as if Democracy Mattered: What’s Wrong With NAFTA and What are the Alternatives? (Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and International Labour Rights Education and Research Fund, 1993).
For a brief overview see Kim Moody, ‘Austerity Fuels Mass Strikes Around the World’, Labor Notes ,No. 217 (1997), pp. 1, 14. For current information see postings at http://www.labournet.org.ukand http://www.igc.org/labornet.
Philippe Lemaitre, ‘Bruxelles a réuni une table ronde pour mobilizer les partenaires sociaux sur un “pacte européen pour l’emploi”’ Le Monde, 30 April 1996, p. 2; ‘Insecure or Jobless, Europeans Renew Protests’, New York Times, national edition, 25 March 1997, p. C4.
Nicholas D. Kristoff, ‘Clashes in Seoul as Strike Widens its Grip’, New York Times, national edition, 29 December 1996, p. A10. Current postings at http://www.labournet.org.uk/
For Bolivia and Argentina see note no. 15. For relations between the French Confédération General du Travail and the Communist Party see Alain Beuve-Mery, ‘Louis Viannet va quitter le bureau national du Parti Communiste’, Le Monde, 19 December 1996, p. 6.
Paises ricos temen que la globalizacion de la economia agrave la desigualdad y pobreza’, La Raz6n (Bolivia), 30 June 1996, p. B8. Klaus Schwab and Claude Smadja, ‘Davos: mondialization et responsabilité sociale,’ Le Monde, 17 July 1996, p. 10.
On international labour politics and corporate responses from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s see: Burton Bendiner, International Labour A/fairs: The World Trade Unions and the Multinational Companies (Clarendon Press, 1987).
Lance Compa, ‘chrw… and the twain shall meet? A North-South Controversy over Labour Rights and Standards’, Labor Research Review, No. 23 (1995), pp. 51–65.
Martin Khor, ‘WTO: Battle Over Labour Standards’, 13 January 1997, at twn[Third World Network]Otigc.apc.org/
Los sindicatos recobran su espiritu de lucha’, Presencia (Bolivia), 23 June 1996, p. 4; Alain Frachon, ‘Offensive de la Confédération internationale des syndicats libres contre le “marché mondial”’, Le Monde, 28 June 1996, p. 2.
ICFTU, Policies Adopted by the 16th World Congress of the ICFTU, June 25 to 29, 1996, at http://www.icftu.org/
Canadian Labour Congress, Social Dimensions of North American Economic Integration: Impacts on Working People and Emerging Responses, (Ottawa, 1996), p. 74 and Appendix 3.
These were the International Metalworkers’ Federation (IMF), the International Union of Food and Allied Workers’ Associations (IUF) and the ICEF. The UAW was the union behind the WCCs. For background see Charles Levinson, Concrete Trade Union Response to the Multinational Company: ICF’s (ICEF) Emerging Countervailing Power (ICF, 1974).
H. R. Northrup and R. Rowan, Multinational Collective Bargaining Attempts: The Record, the Cases and the Prospects. (Industrial Research Unit, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1981).
A. Banks, ‘Taking on the Global Boss: An Interview with Ron Garver of the IUF [International Union of Food and Allied Workers’ Associations]’, Labor Research Review, No. 21 (1993), pp. 57–69.
D. Catherine Sanchez, ‘LRR Focus: Solidarity NOT Charity’, Labor Research Review, No. 23 (1995), pp. 30–33.
Larry Cohen, ‘Mobilizing Internationally: Global Employee Network Pressures Multinational to Reverse Anti-union Strategy’, Labor Research Review, No. 21 (1993), pp. 47–55. Background information from Eduardo Diaz of PTTI.
ICEM, Power and Counterpower: The Union Response to Global Capital (London: Pluto Press 1996). Also, http://www.icem.org/networks/index.html
Eric Lee, Internet and the Labor Movement: The New Internationalism (Pluto Press 1997).
Peter Waterman, International Labor Communication by Computer: The Fifth International? (Institute of Social Studies Working Papers Series No. 129, July 1992).
European Commission, ‘Agreements on Information and Consultation in European Multinationals’, Social Europe, Supplement no. 5 (1995).
Jelle Visser and L. Ebbinghaus, ‘Making the Most of Diversity? European Integration and Transnational Organization of Labor’, in J. Greenwood, J. R. Grote and K. Ronit (eds), Organized Interests in the European Community, (Sage Publications, 1992), pp. 206–37.
Also Carsten Stroby Jensen, Jorgen Steen Madsen and Jesper Due, ‘A Role for a Pan-European Union Movement? Possibilities in European IR-regulation,’ Industrial Relations Journal, 26, 1 (1995), pp. 4–18.
These are the IG Chemie with the British GMB general union. John Hibbs, ‘British and German Unions Link’, Daily Telegraph, 4 March 1997.
Patrick Smyth, ‘Birth of Euro-demo a Warning to Governments’, Irish Times, 28 March 1997.
Jeremy Brecher and Tim Costello, Global Village or Global Pillage? Economic Reconstruction from the Bottom Up (South End Press, 1994).
Kim Moody and Mary McGinn, Unions and Free Trade: Solidarity vs Competition(Labor Notes, 1992). For an analytically informed discussions see
Ralph Armbruster, ‘Cross-national Labour Organizing Strategies’, Critical Sociology, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1995), pp. 75–89
Thalia Kidder and Mary McGinn, ‘In the wake of NAFTA: Transnational Workers Networks’, Social Policy (Summer 1995), pp. 14–21. For current developments see Labor Notes.
Pamela Prah, ‘NAFTA: CWA Drops NAFTA Charge After Mexico Recognizes Workers’ Independent Union’, Daily Labor Report, 17 April 1997.
Baldemar Velasquez, ‘Don’t Waste Time with Politicians — Organize!’ Labor Research Review, 23 (1995), pp. 45–9; speech to closing session of Labor Notes Convention (Detroit, 20 April 1997). FLOC is one of the founding members of the Labour Party.
Jeffrey Harrod, Power, Production, and the Unprotected Worker (Columbia University Press, 1987). In the USA, where the overall density has fallen, unions in the services and public sectors have grown.
Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955–1995 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996), pp. 3–4.
Peter Waterman, ‘Social Movement Unionism: A New Model for a New World Order?’, Review, Vol. 16, No. 3 (1993), pp. 245–78. Jeremy Brecher and Tim Costello, Global Village or Global Pillage, Chs 5 and 6, in particular.
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Stevis, D., Boswell, T. (2000). From National Resistance to International Labour Politics. In: Gills, B.K. (eds) Globalization and the Politics of Resistance. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230519176_10
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