Abstract
It has become painfully clear over the last three decades that the causes and consequences of global environmental degradation cannot be addressed without tackling inequality and injustice. The ‘pollution of the rich and poor’ was a charged sub-theme of the 1972 United Nations Stockholm Conference (raised first by Indira Gandhi) and has steadily gained force at subsequent gatherings: Rio in 1992 and Johannesburg in 2002. With economic globalization and the increasing awareness of global warming’s devastating potential have come new discourses to address inequality on these vaster scales. Environmental issues such as climate change are being ‘reframed’ as issues of global justice, and as this happens, new potential alliances between poor nations and environmental social movements are emerging.
The views expressed in this chapter are the authors’ own and do not necessarily represent the views of the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Abbott, Kenneth, and Duncan Snidal (2000) ‘Hard and Soft Law in International Governance’, International Organization 54, 3, pp. 421–56.
Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson (2002) ‘Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, pp. 1231–94.
Acemoglu, Daron, James A. Robinson and Simon Johnson (2001) ‘The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation’, American Economic Review 91, pp. 1369–401.
Adger, W. Neil, and N. Brooks (2003) ‘Does Environmental Change Cause Vulnerability to Natural Disasters?’, in Mark Pelling (ed.) Natural Disasters and Development in a Globalising World, London: Routledge.
Agarwal, Anil, and Sunita Narain (1992) ‘The Fridge, the Greenhouse and the Carbon Sink’, The New Internationalist 230.
Agyeman, Julian, Robert D. Bullard and Bob Evans (eds) (2003) Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Albin, Cecilia (2001) Justice and Fairness in International Negotiation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, Sarah, and John Cavanagh (2000) Top 200: The Rise of Global Corporate Power, Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies.
Andersson, Jan Otto, and Mattias Lindroth (2001) ‘Ecologically Unsustainable Trade’, Ecological Economics 37, 1, pp. 13–122.
Athanasiou, Tom, and Paul Baer (2002) Dead Heat: Global Justice and Climate Change, New York: Seven Stories Press.
Barber, James P., and Anna K. Dickson (1995) ‘Justice and Order in International Relations: The Global Environment’, in David E. Cooper and Joy Palmer (eds) JustEnvironments: Intergenerational, International and Interspecies Issues, London: Routledge.
Barnett, Michael N., and Martha Finnemore (1999) ‘The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations’, International Organization 54, 4 (Autumn), pp. 699–732.
Barry, Brian (1999) ‘Sustainability and Intergenerational Justice’ in Andrew Dobson (ed) Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–117.
Baxter, Brian (2000) ‘Ecological Justice and Justice as Impartiality’, Environmental Politics 9, pp. 43–64.
Beckerman, Wilfred (1999) ‘Sustainability and Intergenerational Equity’, in Andrew Dobson (ed.) Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–92.
Beckerman, Wilfred, and Joanna Pasek (2001) Justice, Posterity and the Evironment, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Benton, Ted (1993) Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice, London: Verso Press.
Bhaskar, V. (1995) ‘Distributive Justice and the Control of Global Warming’, in V. Bhaskar and Andrew Glyn (eds) The North, the South and the Environment, London: Earthscan, pp. 102–17.
Bookchin, Murray (1990) Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future, Boston: South End Press.
Bringezu, Stefan (2002) ‘Material Flow Analysis: Unveiling the Physical Basis of Economies’, in Peter Bartelmus (ed.) Unveiling Wealth: On Money, Quality ofLife and Sustainability, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 109–34.
Bringezu, Stefan, Helmut Schutz and Stephan Moll (2003) ‘Rationale for and Interpretation of Economy-wide Materials Flow Analysis and Derived Indicators’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 7, 2, pp. 43–64.
Brown Weiss, Edith (1989) In Fairness to Future Generations: International Law, Common Patrimony, and Intergenerational Equity. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers.
Brulle, Robert J. (2000) Agency, Democracy, and Nature, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Bruno, Kenny, Joshua Karliner and China Brotsky (1999) Greenhouse Gangsters vs. Climate Justice San Francisco: Transnational Resource & Action Center.
Bull, Hedley (1977) The Anarchical Society, New York: Columbia University Press.
Bullard, Robert D. (1990) Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality, Boulder: Westview Press.
Bullard, Robert D. (1994) ‘Overcoming Racism in Environmental Decision Making’, Environment 36, 4, pp. 10–44.
Cabeza-Gutés, M., and J. Martinez-Alier (2001) ‘L’echange Ecologiquement Inegal’, in Michel Damian and Jean Christophe Graz (eds) Commerce International et Développement Soutenable, Paris: Economica.
Cole, Luke W., and Sheila R. Foster (2001) From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement, New York: New York University Press.
Cooper, D., and J. Palmer (eds) (1995) Just Environments: Intergenerational, International and Interspecies Issues, London: Routledge.
Cullen, Bernard (1992) ‘Philosophical Theories of Justice’, in Klaus R. Sherer (ed.) Justice: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–64.
Damian, Michel, and Jean Christophe Graz (eds) (2001) Commerce International et Développement Soutenable, Paris: Economica.
De Grauwe, Paul, and Filip Camerman (2002) How Big are Multinational Corporations, Research Report, University of Leuven and Belgian Senate, Leuven.
DeSombre, Elizabeth R., and Joanne Kaufman (1996) ‘The Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund: Partial Success Story’, in Robert O. Keohane and Marc A. Levy (eds) Institutions for Environmental Aid: Pitfalls and Promise, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Devall, Bill, and George Sessions (1985) Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered, Layton, Utah: Peregrine Smith Books.
Dicken, Peter (1998) Global Shift, New York: Guilford Press.
Dobson, Andrew (1996) ‘Environmental Sustainabilities: An Analysis and a Typology’, Environmental Politics 5, pp. 401–28.
Dobson, Andrew (1998) Justice and the Environment: Conceptions of Environmental Sustainability and Dimensions of Social Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dobson, Andrew (ed.) (1999) Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Dunoff, Jeffrey L. (1995) ‘From Green to Global: Toward Transformation of International Environmental Law’, Harvard Environmental Law Review 19, 2, pp. 241–69.
EcoEquity (2001) Interview with Wolfgang Sachs. May 18, 2001. Available online at <www.ecoequity.org/ceo/ceo_3_4.htm>.
The Economist (2002) ‘How many planets? A Survey of the Global Environment’, 6 July, pp. 3–16.
Engerman, Stanley L., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff (2002) ‘Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economies’, Economia 3, 1, pp. 41–88.
Ferry, L. (1992) Le Nouvel Ordre Ecologique, Paris: Grasset.
Foreman, Christopher H. (1998) The Promise and Peril of Environmental Justice, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Gadgil, Madhav, and Ramachandra Guha (1995) Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India, London: Routledge.
Garrett, Geoffrey, and Barry Weingast (1993) ‘Ideas, Interests and Institutions: Constructing the European Community’s Internal Market’, in Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane (eds) Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 173–206.
Gereffi, Gary, and Miguel Korzeniewitz (1994) Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Westport: Praeger.
Gedicks, Al (2001) Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations, Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press.
Giljum, Stefan (2003) ‘Biophysical Dimensions of North—South Trade: Material Flows and Land Use’. PhD thesis, University of Vienna.
Giljum, Stefan (2004) ‘Trade, Material Flows and Economic Development in the South: The Example of Chile’, Journal of Industrial Ecology 8, 1–2, pp. 241–61.
Giljum, Stefan, and Nina Eisenmenger (2004) North—South Trade and the Distribution of Environmental Goods and Burdens: A Biophysical Perspective’, Journal of Environment and Development, 13, 1, pp. 73–100.
Giljum, Stefan, and Klaus Hubacek (2001) International Trade, Material Flows and Land Use: Developing a Physical Trade Balance for the European Union’. Interim Report, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
Giljum Stefan, and Klaus Hubacek (2004a) ‘New Approaches of Physical Input— Output Analysis to Estimate Overall Material Inputs of Production and Consumption Activities’, Economic Systems Research 16, 3, pp. 301–10.
Giljum, Stefan, and Klaus Hubacek (2004b) ‘International Trade and Material Flows: A Physical Trade Balance for the European Union’. Under review at Journal of Industrial Ecology.
Gramsci, Antonio (1971) ‘Fordism and Americanism’, in Selections from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawerence & Wishart.
Guha, Ram, and Juan Martinez-Alier (1997) Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South, London: Earthscan.
Haas, Peter M. (1990) Saving the Mediterranean: The Politics of International Environmental Cooperation, New York: Columbia University Press.
Haas, Peter, Marc Levy and Ted Parson (1992) ‘Appraising the Earth Summit: How Should We Judge UNCED’s Success?’, Environment 34, 8, pp. 6–11, 26–33.
Haas, Peter, Robert. O. Keohane and Marc Levy (eds) (1993) Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective Environmental Protection, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Harris, Paul G. (1999) ‘What’s Fair? — International Justice from an Environmental Perspective’. Paper presented at the 40th Annual International Studies Association Convention, Washington, DC, 16–20 February.
Harris, Paul G. (2001a) ‘Defining International Distributive Justice: Environmental Considerations’, International Relations 15, 2, pp. 51–66.
Harris, Paul G. (2001b) International Equity and Global Environmental Politics: Power and Principles in US Foreign Policy, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Harvey, David (1990) The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford: Blackwell.
Heil, Mark T., and Thomas M. Selden (2001) ‘International Trade Intensity and Carbon Emissions: A Cross-country Econometric Analysis’, Journal ofEnvironment and Development 10, pp. 35–49.
Holland, Alan (1999) ‘Sustainability: Should We Start Here?’, in Andrew Dobson (ed.) Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 46–70.
Hornborg, Alf (1998a) ‘Towards an Ecological Theory of Unequal Exchange: Articulating World systems Theory and Ecological Economics’, Ecological Economics 25, pp. 127–36.
Hornborg, Alf (1998b) ‘Ecosystems and World Systems: Accumulation as an Ecological Process’, Journal of World Systems Research 4, pp. 169–77.
IPCC (2001a) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available online: <www. ipcc. ch/pub/tar/wg2/>.
IPCC (2001b) Climate Change 2001: Mitigation, Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), edited by Bert Metz, Ogunlade Davidson, Rob Swart, Jiahua Pan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jacobs, Michael (1999) ‘Sustainable development as a Contested Concept’, in Andrew Dobson (ed.) Fairness andFuturity: Essays onEnvironmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 21–45.
Jessop, Bob (1990) State Theory: Putting Capitalist States in their Place, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Kalas, Peggy Rodgers (2001) ‘International Environmental Dispute Resolution and the Need for Access by Non-State Entities’, Colorado Journal oflnternational Environmental Law and Policy 12, 1, pp. 191–244.
Karl, Terry (1997) The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Karunakaran, C. E. (2002) ‘Clouds Over Global Warming’, Tamilnadu Science Forum. (24 October). Available online: <www.corpwatch.org/campaigns/PCD. j sp?articleid=45 48>.
Kasperson, Roger E., and Jeanne X. Kasperson (2001) Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Social Justice, Stockholm: Risk and Vulnerability Programme, Stockholm Environment Institute.
Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Keohane, Robert (1984) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Keohane, Robert (2000) ‘Governance in a Partially Globalized World’, American Political Science Review 95, 1, pp. 1–13.
Keohane, Robert, and Marc A. Levy (eds) (1996) Institutions for Environmental Aid: Pitfalls and Promise, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Keohane, Robert and Joseph Nye (1977) Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, 2nd edn, Boston: Little Brown & Company.
Khor, Martin (2002) ‘Much More than a Memo’, in Isabelle Reinery (ed.) Comments on the Jo’burg Memo, Heinrich Boll Foundation. Available online: <www. worldsummit2002.org/download/wsp18.pdf>.
Koremenos, Barbara, Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal (2001) ‘The Rational Design of International Institutions’, International Organization 55, 4, pp. 761–99.
Krasner, Stephen D. (1985) Structural Conflict: The Third World Against Global Liberalism, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lélé, Sharachandram M. (1991) ‘Sustainable Development: A Critical Review’, World Development 19, 6, pp. 607–21.
Low, Nicholas, and Brendan Gleeson (1998) Justice, Society and Nature: An Exploration of Political Ecology, London: Routledge.
Machado, Giovani, Roberto Schaeffer and Ernst Worrell (2001) ‘Energy and Carbon Embodied in the International Trade of Brazil: An Input-output Approach’, Ecological Economics 39, 3, pp. 409–24.
Manley, Michael (1991) The Poverty of Nations, London: Pluto Press.
Marland, G., T. A. Boden and R. J. Andres (2000) ‘Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions’, in Trends: A Compendium ofData on Global Change, Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy. Available online: <http:cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont. htm>.
Martin, Lisa (2000) Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Martinez-Alier, Joan (2000) ‘Environmental Justice, Sustainability and Valuation’. Paper delivered at Harvard Seminar on Environmental Values, 21 March.
Martinez-Alier, Joan (1994) ‘Distributional Conflicts and International Environmental Policy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Agricultural Biodiversity’, in Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh and Jan van der Straaten (eds) Toward Sustainable Development, Washington, DC: Island Press.
Martinez-Alier, Joan (1995) ‘The Environment as a Luxury Good, or “Too Poor to be Green”?’ Ecological Economics 13, pp. 1–10.
Martinez-Alier, Joan (2002a) ‘Embodied Pollution in Trade: Estimating the “Environmental Load Displacement” of Industrialized Countries’, Ecological Economics 41, pp. 51–67.
Martinez, Alier, Juan (2002b) The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study ofEcological Conflicts and Valuation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Martinez-Alier, Juan (2003) ‘Environmental Conflicts, Environmental Justice, and Valuation’, in Julain Agyeman, Robert D. Bullard, and Bob Evans (eds) (2003) Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Mellor, Mary (1992) Breaking the Boundaries: Towards a Feminist Green Socialism, London: Virago.
Mendelsohn, Robert (2001) Global Warming and the American Economy: A Regional Assessment of Climate Change Impacts, Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar.
Mendelsohn, Robert, and William Nordhaus (1996) ‘The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: Reply’, American Economic Review 86, 5, pp. 1312–15.
Meyer-Abich, Klaus M. (1993) ‘Winners and Losers in Climate Change’, in Wolfgang Sachs (ed.) Global Ecology, London: Zed Books.
Mitchell, Ronald B. (2002) ‘International Environment’, in Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons and Walter Carlsnaes (eds) Handbook of International Relations, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, pp. 500–16.
Mohamed, Mahathir (1995) ‘Statement to the U.N. Conference on Environment & Development’, in Ken Conca, Michael Alberty and Geoffry D. Dabelko (eds) Green PlanetBlues: Environmental Politics from Stockholm to Rio, Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 287–89.
Muradian, Roldan, and Joan Martinez-Alier (2001a) ‘Trade and the Environment: From a “Southern” Perspective’, Ecological Economics 36, pp. 281–97.
Muradian, Roldan, and Joan Martinez-Alier (2001b) ‘South-North Materials Flow: History and Environmental Repercussions’, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 14, 2, pp. 171–87.
Muradian, Roldan, Martin O’Connor and Joan Martinez-Alier (2002) ‘Embodied Pollution in Trade: Estimating the “Environmental Load Displacement” of Industrialized Countries’, Ecological Economics 41, pp. 51–67.
Muller, Benito (1999) Justice in Global Warming Negotiations: How to Obtain a Procedurally Fair Compromise, Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
Muller, Benito (2001) ‘Varieties of Distributive Justice in Climate Change: An Editorial Comment’, Climatic Change 48, pp. 273–88.
Mwandosya, Mark J. (2000) Survival Emissions: A Perspective from the South on Global Climate Change Negotiations, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press and the Centre for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology.
Naess, Arne (1973) ‘The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement’, Inquiry 16, pp. 95–100.
Najam, Adil (1995) ‘An Environmental Negotiating Strategy for the South’, International Environmental Affairs 7, 3, pp. 249–87.
Najam, Adil (2002) ‘The Unraveling of the Rio Bargain’, Politics and the Life Sciences 21, 2, pp. 46–50.
Najam, Adil (2004) ‘The View from the South: Developing Countries in Global Environmental Politics’, in Regina Axelrod, David Downie and Norman Vig (eds) The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy, 2nd edn, Washington, DC: CQ Press, pp. 225–43.
Neumayer, Eric (2000) ‘In Defence of Historical Accountability for Greenhouse Gas Emissions’, Ecological Economics 33, 2, pp. 185–92.
Nielson, Daniel L., and Michael J. Tierney (2003) ‘Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform’, International Organization 57 (Spring), pp. 241–76.
Norton, Bryan (1999) ‘Ecology and Opportunity: Intergenerational Equity and Sustainable Options’, in Andrew Dobson (ed.) Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 118–50.
Ott, Hermann and Wolfgang Sachs (2002) ‘Ethical Aspects of Emissions Trading’, in Luiz Pinguelli-Rosa and Mohan Munasinghe (eds) Ethics, Equity and Intemational Negotiations on Climate Change, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Palmer, Geoffrey (1992) ‘New Ways to Make International Environmental Law’, American Journal oflnternational Law 86, 2, pp. 259–83.
Parks, Bradley, Michael Tierney, J. Timmons Roberts and Robert Hicks (n.d.) ‘Greening Aid? Understanding Environmental Assistance to Developing Countries’. Unpublished manuscript.
Paterson, Matthew (1996a) Global Warming and Global Politics, London: Routledge.
Paterson, Matthew (1996b) ‘IR Theory: Liberal Institutionalism, Neorealism and the Climate Change Convention’, in Mark Imber and John Vogler (eds) The Environment and International Relations, London: Routledge, pp. 59–76.
Paterson, Matthew (2000) Understanding Global Environmental Politics: Domination, Accumulation and Resistance, London: Macmillan.
Peet, Richard, and Michael Watts (1996) Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements, New York: Routledge.
Pulido, Laura (1996) Environmentalism and Economic Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the Southwest, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Redclift, Michael (1987) Sustainable Development: Exploring the Contradictions, London and New York: Methuen.
Redclift, Michael, and Colin Sage (1999) ‘Resources, Environmental Degradation, and Inequality’, in Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods (eds) Inequality, Globalization, and World Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 122–49.
Ribot, Jesse C. (1996) ‘Climate Variability, Climate Change and Vulnerability: Moving Forward by Looking Back’, in Jesse C. Ribot, Antonio Rocha Magalhaes and Stahis S. Panagides (eds) Climate Variability, Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the Semi-Arid Tropics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–10.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas (ed.) (1995) Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roberts, J. Timmons and Peter E. Grimes (2002) ‘World-System Theory and the Environment: Toward a New Synthesis’, in Riley E. Dunlap, Frederick H. Buttel, Peter Dickens and August Gijswijt (eds) Sociological Theory and the Environment: Classical Foundations, Contemporary Insights, Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 167–95.
Roberts, J. Timmons and Bradley C. Parks (n.d.) ‘A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North—South Politics, and Climate Policy’. Unpublished manuscript.
Roberts, J. Timmons, Bradley C. Parks and Alexis A. Vasquez (2004) ‘Who Ratifies Environmental Treaties and Why? A World System Analysis of Participation in 22 Treaties by 192 Nations’. Working Paper.
Roberts, J. Timmons and Nikki D. Thanos (2003) Trouble in Paradise: Globalization and Environmental Crises in Latin America, London: Routledge.
Roberts, J. Timmons, and Melissa M. Toffolon-Weiss (2001) Chronicles from the Environmental Justice Frontline, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rodrik, Dani (2000) ‘Institutions for High-Quality Growth: Why They Are and How to Acquire Them?’, Studies in Comparative International Development 35, 3, pp. 3–31.
Rodrik, Dani (ed.) (2003) In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rodrik, Dani, Arvind Subramanian and Francesco Trebbi (2004) ‘Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development’, Journal of Economic Growth 9, 2, pp. 131–65.
Repke, Inge (1999) ‘Prices are not Worth that Much’, Ecological Economics 29, pp. 45–6.
Russi, D. and R. Muradian (2003) ‘Gobernanza global y responsabilidad ambiental’, Ecologia Politica 24, pp. 95–105.
Sachs, Wolfgang (ed.) (1993) Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict, London: Zed Books.
Sachs, Wolfgang (1999) Planet Dialectics: Explorations in Environment and Development, London: Zed Books.
Schelling, Thomas (1960) The Strategy of Conflict, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Sebenius, James K. (1991) ‘Designing Negotiation Toward a New Regime: The Case of Global Warming’, International Security 15, pp. 110–48.
Sell, Susan (1996) ‘North—South Environmental Bargaining: Ozone, Climate Change, and Biodiversity’, Global Governance 2, 1, pp. 97–118.
Sen, Amartya K. (1999) ‘Global Justice: Beyond International Equity’, in Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (eds) Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 116–25.
Shadlen, Ken (2004) ‘Patents and Pills, Power and Procedure: The North—South Politics of Public Health in the WTO’, Studies in Comparative International Development 39, 3, pp. 76–108.
Shannon, Thomas (1996) An Introduction to the World System Perspective, Boulder: Westview Press.
Shiva, Vandana (1997) The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge, Boston: South End Press.
Shue, Henry (1992) ‘The Unavoidability of Justice’, in Andrew Hurrell and Benedict Kingsbury (eds) The International Politics of the Environment, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 373–97.
Shue, Henry (1993) ‘Subsistence Emissions and Luxury Emissions’, Law and Policy 15, pp. 39–59.
Singer, Peter (1999) ‘Ethics Across the Species Boundary’, in Nicholas Low (ed.) Global Ethics and Environment, London: Routledge, pp. 146–57.
Sklair, Leslie (2001) The Transnational Capitalist Class, Oxford: Blackwell.
Sklair, Leslie (2002) Globalization: Capitalism and its Alternatives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spangenberg, Joachim (2002) ‘Environmental Space and the Prism of Sustainability: Frameworks for Indicators Measuring Sustainable Development’, Ecological Indicators 2, pp. 295–309.
Snidal, Duncan (2002) ‘Rational Choice and International Relations’, in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth Simmons (eds) Handbook of International Relations, New York: Sage, pp. 73–94.
Snidal, Duncan (2004) ‘Formal Models of International Politics’, in Detlef F. Sprinz and Yael Wolinsky-Nahmias (eds) Models, Numbers, and Cases. Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 227–64.
Sutcliffe, Bob (2000) ‘Development After Ecology’, in J. Timmons Roberts and Amy Hite (eds) From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Change, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, pp. 328–39.
Tokar, Brian (1998) ‘Social Ecology, Deep Ecology and the Future of Green Political Thought’, Ecologist 18, 4/5, pp. 132–41.
Vernon, Raymond (1993) ‘Behind the Scenes: How Policymaking in the European Community, Japan and the United States Affects Global Negotiations’, Environment 35, 5, pp. 12–20, 35–42.
Victor, David (2001) The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming, Princeton; Princeton University Press.
Vogler, John, and Mark F. Imber (eds) (1996) The Environment and International Relations, New York: Routledge.
Wade, Robert Hunter (2004) ‘Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality?’, World Development 32, 4, pp. 567–89.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974) The Modern World System, Vol. 1, New York: Academic.
Waltz, Kenneth (1979) Theory of International Politics, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wapner, Paul (1996) Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics, Albany: SUNY Press.
Willets, Peter (1999) Transnational Actors and International Organizations in Global Politics’, in John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds) The Globalizations of World Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987) Our Common Future, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Young, Oran R. (1994) International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Young, H. Peyton (1994) Equity in Theory and Practice, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2006 Michele M. Betsill, Kathryn Hochstetler and Dimitris Stevis
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Parks, B.C., Roberts, J.T. (2006). Environmental and Ecological Justice. In: Betsill, M.M., Hochstetler, K., Stevis, D. (eds) Palgrave Advances in International Environmental Politics. Palgrave Advances. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230518391_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230518391_12
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4039-2107-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-51839-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)