Abstract
Our conclusions are of two sorts — those that pertain to James and those that pertain more generally to the history of homosexuality.
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Notes and References
Maurice Lee Jr, ‘James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King After All?’, Albion, 16 (Summer 1984), 158; Great Britain’s Solomon (Urbana, 1990), p. 249.
The speaker was Sir Edward Coke. Robert C. Johnson, Maija Jansson Cole, Mary Frear Keeler, and William B. Bidwell (eds), Commons Debates 1628 (New Haven, CT, 1977), IV, 115, 119, 124, 130, 132.
Roger Lockyer, Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham 1592–1628 (London, 1981); Lee, ‘James I and the Historians’, p. 161.
S.J. Houston, James I, 2nd edn (London, 1995), p. 110.
Compare Roger Lockyer, James VI and I (London, 1998), p. 205.
David Cressy, ‘Gender Trouble and Cross-Dressing in Early Modern England’, Journal of British Studies, 35 (October 1996), 451.
Allen B. Hinds (ed.), Calendar of State Paper and Manuscripts, Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice (London, 1911), XVII, 75–6.
Lawrence Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution 1529–1642 (London, 1972), p. 89.
Two principal proponents of this view are Conrad Russell and Kevin Sharpe. See Russell’s Parliaments and English Politics 1621–1629 (Oxford, 1979) and the essays collected in Unrevolutionary England, 1603–1642 (London, 1990). See
Sharpe’s ‘“Revisionism” Revisited’ in Faction and Parliament: Essays on Early Stuart History, 2nd edn (London, 1985), pp. 9–17; ‘Crown, Parliament and Locality: Government and Communication in Early Stuart England’, English Historical Review, 101 (April 1986), 321–50; and The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, 1992).
Marlowe’s Edward the Second in Havelock Ellis (ed.), Christopher Marlowe: Five Plays (New York, 1956), pp. 282, 300.
Francis Bamford (ed.), A Royalists Notebook: The Commonplace Book of Sir John Oglander (New York, 1971), pp. 194, 196.
Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, ‘Enacting Opposition: Queen Anne and the Subversions of Masquing’ in Lewalski, Writing Women in Jacobean England (Cambridge, MA, 1993), pp. 15, 26.
See also Simon Shepherd, Amazons and Warrior Women: Varieties of Feminism in Seventeenth-Century Drama (New York, 1981), p. 138 and
Leeds Barroll, ‘The Court of the First Stuart Queen’, in Linda Levy Peck (ed.), The Mental World of the Jacobean Court (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 191–208.
Jenny Wormald, ‘James VI and I: Two Kings or One?’, History, 68 (June 1983), 190.
Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 2nd edn (New York, 1995), p. 10.
Stephen Orgel, Impersonations: The Performance of Gender in Shakespeare’s England (Cambridge, 1996), p. 41.
Joseph Cady, ‘“Masculine Love”, Renaissance Writing, and the “New Invention” of Homosexuality’, in Claude J. Summers (ed.), Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment England: Literary Representations in Historical Context (New York, 1992), pp. 9–40; ‘Renaissance Awareness and Language for Heterosexuality: “Love” and “Feminine Love”’, in
Claude J. Summers and Ted-Larry Pebworth (eds), Renaissance Discourses of Desire (Columbia, MO, 1993), pp. 143–58; ‘The “Masculine Love” of the “Princes of Sodom” “Practicing the Art of Ganymede” at Henri Ill’s Court: The Homosexuality of Henry III and His Mignons in Pierre de L’Estoile’s Mémoires-Journaux’, in
Jacqueline Murray and Konrad Eisenbichler (eds), Desire and Discipline: Sex and Sexuality in the Premodern West (Toronto, 1996), pp. 123–54. Cady derides the whole idea that homosexuality was not ‘invented’ until the eighteenth century or later, as does
Rictor Norton in The Myth of the Modern Homosexual: Queer History and the Search for Cultural Unity (London, 1997).
Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (New York, 1977).
This point is made especially well by David Aers, ‘A Whisper in the Ear of Early Modernists; or, Reflections on Literary Critics Writing the “History of the Subject”’, in David Aers (ed.), Culture and History 1350–1600: Essays on English Communities, Identities and Writing (Detroit, MI, 1992), pp. 177–202. Rictor Norton has made this argument forcefully with respect to any alleged revolution in sexuality. ‘Assertions that the modern homosexual and modern gay subculture are significantly different from the past are’, in his words, ‘based primarily on ignorance of the past.’ Norton, Myth of the Modem Homosexual, p. 61.
Randolph Trumbach, Sex and the Gender Revolution, vol. 1, Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London (Chicago, 1998), pp. 3–9.
Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700–1800 (London, 1997), p. 65.
Randolph Trumbach, ‘Sodomitical Subcultures, Sodomitical Roles, and the Gender Revolution of the Eighteenth Century: The Recent Historiography’, in Robert Purks Maccubbin (ed.), ‘Tis Nature’s Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality During the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 109–21; ‘Sodomitical Asaults, Gender Role, and Sexual Development in Eighteenth-Century London’, in
Kent Gerard and Gert Hekma (eds), The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe (New York, 1989), pp. 407–29; ‘The Birth of the Queen: Sodomy and the Emergence of Gender Equality in Modern Culture, 1660–1750’, in
Martin Duberman and others (eds), Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past (New York, 1989), pp. 129–40; ‘Sodomy Transformed: Aristocratic Libertinage, Public Reputation and the Gender Revolution of the 18th Century’, in
Michael S. Kimmel (ed.), Love Letters Between a Certain Late Nobleman and the Famous Mr. Wilson (New York, 1990), 105–24; ‘Erotic Fantasy and Male Libertinism in Enlightenment England’, in
Lynn Hunt (ed.), The Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500–1800 (New York, 1993), pp. 253–82; ‘London’s Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture’, in
Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York, 1994), pp. 111–36; ‘Are Modern Wstern Lesbian Women and Gay Men a Third Gender?’, in
Martin Duberman (ed.), A Queer World: The Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York, 1997), pp. 87–99; and Sex and the Gender Revolution, pp. 3–22. Trumbach acknowledges his indebtedness to the early work of Mary Mcintosh. Her seminal essay ‘The Homosexual Role’, which was first published in 1968 has been reprinted in
Edward Stein (ed.), Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructionist Controversy (New York, 1990), pp. 25–42.
James M. Saslow, ‘Homosexuality in the Renaissance: Behavior, Identity, and Artistic Expression’, in Duberman, Hidden from History, pp. 91–3. Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (Oxford, 1996).
W. Dunn Macray (ed.), The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England Begun in the Year 1641, by Edward, Earl of Clarendon (Oxford, 1888), I, 38.
The letters written by James are printed in G.P.V. Akrigg, Letters of King James VI and I (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 388–441. For more about these letters, see chapter 2 above and
David M. Bergeron’s King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire (Iowa City, 1999).
The quotations and paraphrases in this paragraph represent a summary of the evidence laid out in greater detail above in chapters 3, 4, 6, and 7, where readers can find the full context and specific sources. The only new references are Nowell Smith (ed.), Sir Pulke Greville’s Life of Sir Philip Sidney (Oxford, 1907), p. 10; Clarendon, History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars, I, 74; and Sir Edward Peyton, The Divine Catastrophe of the Kingly Family of the House of Stuarts, in
Oliver Lawson Dick (ed.), Aubrey’s Brief Lives (London, 1950), p. 11;
Ian McCormick (ed.), Secret Sexualities: A Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing (London, 1997), pp. 52–3.
C.H. McIlwain (ed.), The Political Works of James I (New York, 1965), p. 46 and
Johann P. Sommerville (ed.), King James VI and I: Political Writings (Cambridge, 1994), p. 53.
For a quite different view, see David M. Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York, 1990), pp. 22–4, where the author manages to discuss the subject without ever using the word ‘effeminacy’. Compare Norton, Myth of the Modern Homosexual, pp. 27–31.
Mark D. Jordan, The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology (Chicago, 1997), pp. 39, 100, 102, 112, 122, 125, 169. But compare page 57. Karma Lochrie noted the uneven attention Jordan gave to issues of gender in her commentary at the International Congress on Medieval Studies in May 1998.
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosexual Desire (New York, 1985), p. 93.
Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde and the Queer Moment (New York, 1994), pp. 25–47, 118–22.
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© 2000 Michael B. Young
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Young, M.B. (2000). Conclusion: James and the History of Homosexuality. In: King James and the History of Homosexuality. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230514898_9
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