Abstract
Molotov became preoccupied with foreign affairs from the time of his appointment as head of Narkomindel, although he remained Sovnarkom chairman until 1941. The significance of his new duties was evident at the Central Committee plenum, March 1940 where his contribution was limited to foreign policy.1 The rise of Nikolai Voznesenskii as Gosplan chairman, his promotion to Sovnarkom first vice-chairman in March 1941, when he replaced Molotov as chairman of the Ekonomicheskii Sovet (Economic Council), the successor body to STO as Sovnarkom’s main standing committee, confirms Molotov’s preoccupation with foreign affairs. It was also apparent in his lack of prominence at the XVIII Party Conference, February 1941, where he said nothing following Malenkov’s report that criticised the work of the commissariats, or in support of Voznesenkii’s report on planning.2
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Notes
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The non-aggression pact of Rapallo 1926, renewed in Berlin in 1933.
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‘Vnov’ o dogovore 1939 goda’, Vestnik ministerstva inostrannykh del SSSR, 28 February 1991, pp. 56–63; Bezymenskii, L. A., ‘Sekretnye protokoly 1939g. kak problema sovetskoi istoriografii’, Rossiya i sovremennyi mir, no. 1(10) 1996, pp. 143–4.
Sevestyanov, P., Before the Nazi Invasion: Soviet Diplomacy in September 1939–June 1941, Moscow: 1981, p. 75; Roberts, The Unholy Alliance, p. 157; Beloff. M., The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, vol. 2, 1936–41, London: 1949, pp. 280–2; McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 248–9, quoting The Polish White Book, London: 1940, pp. 187–8, 209–10.
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Izvestiya, 18 September 1939.
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DGFP, vol. VI, p. 1076, 806. See Tarulis, A. N., Soviet Policy towards the Baltic States 1918–1940, Notre Dame: 1959, pp. 119–20, 148.
Testimony of Estonian Foreign Minister, K. Selter, in ‘Documents: Negotiating in the Kremlin: the Estonian Experience of 1939’, Lituanus, vol. 14, no. 2, 1968, p. 55; Tarulis, Soviet Policy towards the Baltic States, pp. 148–9. For these negotiations see also Mel’tyukhov, M. I., Narashchivanie sovetskogo voennogo prisutstviya v pribaltike v 1939–1941 godakh’, Otechestvennaya istoriya, no. 4, 1999, p. 48.
Izvestiya, 18 September 1939. McSherry, J.E., Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 2, The Imbalance of Power 1939–1941, Arlington: 1970, p. 11; ‘Negotiating in the Kremlin: the Estonian Experience of 1939’, pp. 57–60, 78; Ot pakta Molotova — Ribbentropa do dogovora o basakh, pp. 134–43, 167–73, 173–180, 180–9.
Tarulis, Soviet Policy Towards the Baltic States, p. 155. See also Mel’tyukhov, ‘Narashchivanie sovetskogo voennogo prisutstviya v pribaltike v 1939–1941 godakh’, p. 51.
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McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 2, pp. 90–97; Mel’tyukhov, ‘Narashchivanie sovetskogo voennogo prisutstviya v pribaltike v 1939–1941 godakh’, pp. 56–68; ‘The Baltic Countries Join the Soviet Union (Documents on the USSR’s Relations with the Baltic Countries in 1939 and 1940),’ International Affairs, no. 4, April 1990, pp. 97–124.
See documents published in Morozova, I. and Takhnenko, G., ‘“The Winter War”: Documents on Soviet-Finnish Relations 1939–40’, International Affairs, no. 9, 1989, pp. 53–4 and McSherry, Stalin. Hitler and Europe, vol. 2, p. 17; Van Dyke, C., The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–1940, London: 1997, pp. 4, 6; Tanner, V., The Winter War: Finland against Russia, 1939–1940, Stanford: 1950, pp. 74–6.
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Tanner, The Winter War, pp. 66–7; Upton, Finland 1939–1940, p. 40. For an overview of these negotiations see Van Dyke, The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–1940, pp. 14–20; Jakobson, The Diplomacy of the Winter War, p. 135.
Kollontai, A., ‘“Seven Shots” in the Winter of 1939’, International Affairs, January 1990, pp. 185–6.
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Mar’ina, V. V., ‘Dnevnik G. Dimitrova’, Voprosy Istorii, no. 7, 2000, p. 41. The text of Molotov’s speech is not available but the tenor was presumably the same as that to the Supreme Soviet, two days later.
Sheinis, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov, pp. 367–8; Haslam, J., ‘Soviet Foreign Policy 1939–1941: Isolation and Expansion’, Soviet Union/Union Soviétique, vol. 18, 1991, pp. 116–17.
Bezymenskii, L. A., ‘Direktivy I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi v Berlin v noyabre 1940g.’, NNI, no. 4, 1995, pp.76–9. Cf. Roberts, G., ‘Stalin, the Pact with Germany and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography’, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2002, p. 99.
Dallin, SovietRussia’s Foreign Policy, p. 270, 273. For the British reaction see Watson, D., ‘Molotov, the Making of the Grand Alliance and the Second Front 1939–1942’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 54, no. 1, 2002, pp. 53–4.
Waddington, G. T., ‘Ribbentrop and the Soviet Union, 1937–1941’, in Erickson, J. and Dilks, D., Barbarossa: the Axis and the Allies, Edinburgh: 1994, pp. 21–2.
Dallin, Soviet Russia’s Foreign Policy, p. 271 estimates the size of the group as 32; Izvestiya, 13 November 1940, Bezymenskii, L. A., ‘Vizit V. M. Molotova v Berlin v noyabre 1940g. v svete novykh dokumentov’, NNI, no. 6, 1995, p. 131; Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis, p. 334 states that the Internationale was not played, to avoid the possibility of the Berliners, familiar with the words, joining in.
Volkov, V. K. ‘Sovetsko-germanskie otnosheniya vo vtoroi polovine 1940 goda’, Voprosy istorii, no. 2, 1997, pp. 8–9, quoting APRF, 56/1/1161, 147–55; Bezymenskii, ‘Direktivy I.V.Stalina V.M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi v Berlin v noyabre 1940g.’, pp. 76–9.
See Bezymenskii, L., Gitler i Stalin pered skhvatkoi, Moscow: 2000, pp. 346–50; Gorlov, S. A., ed., ‘Perepiska V.M. Molotova s I.V. Stalinym noyabr’ 1940 goda’, Voenno-istoricheskii Zhurnal, no. 9, 1992, pp. 18–21. Stalin’s Office Diary contains no record of Molotov meeting him there in the days immediately prior to the visit.
Pechatnov, V. O., trans. Zubok, V. M. ‘“The Allies are Pressing on You to Break Your Will …” Foreign Policy Correspondence between Stalin and Molotov and Other Politburo Members, September 1945–December 1946’, Cold War International History Project, Working Paper no. 26, Washington, DC: 1999, p. 1. See also Zubok, V., and Pleshakov, C., Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev, Cambridge MA: 1996, pp. 86–7.
Schmidt, P., Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne 1923–1945, Bonn: 1954, pp. 515–16.
Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 217–25; The Soviet record of the discussions from APRF are printed in Sevost’yanov, G. N., ‘Poezdka V. M. Molotova v Berlin v noyabre 1940 g.’, NNI, no. 5, 1993, pp. 69–99. They make no reference to Molotov’s question about the USSR turning south, ibid., pp. 69–73.
Berezhkov, V., History in the Making (Memoirs of World War II Diplomacy), Moscow: 1998, pp. 26–7.
See below p. 199. See also Berezhkov, V. M., S diplomaticheskoi missiei v Berlin 1940–1941, Moscow: 1966, p. 47.
Bezymenskii, L., ‘On the Eve: Vyacheslav Molotov’s Talks in Berlin in November 1940’, International Affairs, no. 9, 1991, p. 85.
Gorlov, S. A., ‘Peregovory V. M. Molotova v Berlin v noyabre 1940 goda’, Voenno-istoricheskii Zhurnal, no. 6–7, 1992, p. 46.
Sipols, V. Ya., Tainy diplomaticheskie kanun Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny, Moscow: 1997, p. 275.
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© 2005 Derek Watson
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Watson, D. (2005). The Nazi-Soviet Pact and After 1939–1941. In: Molotov. Studies in Russian and East European History and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230514522_11
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