Skip to main content
Book cover

Molotov pp 166–186Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

The Nazi-Soviet Pact and After 1939–1941

  • Chapter
  • 141 Accesses

Part of the book series: Studies in Russian and East European History and Society ((SREEHS))

Abstract

Molotov became preoccupied with foreign affairs from the time of his appointment as head of Narkomindel, although he remained Sovnarkom chairman until 1941. The significance of his new duties was evident at the Central Committee plenum, March 1940 where his contribution was limited to foreign policy.1 The rise of Nikolai Voznesenskii as Gosplan chairman, his promotion to Sovnarkom first vice-chairman in March 1941, when he replaced Molotov as chairman of the Ekonomicheskii Sovet (Economic Council), the successor body to STO as Sovnarkom’s main standing committee, confirms Molotov’s preoccupation with foreign affairs. It was also apparent in his lack of prominence at the XVIII Party Conference, February 1941, where he said nothing following Malenkov’s report that criticised the work of the commissariats, or in support of Voznesenkii’s report on planning.2

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Bezymenskii, L. A., ‘Sovetsko-Germanskie dogovory 1939g.: novye dokumenty i starye problemy’, Novaya i Noveishaya Istoriya, (hereinafter NNI) no. 4, 1998, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Haslam, J., ‘Soviet-German Relations and the Origins of the Second World War: The Jury is Still Out’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 69, 1997, p. 794.

    Google Scholar 

  3. The non-aggression pact of Rapallo 1926, renewed in Berlin in 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  4. U.S. Department of State, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers 1939, vol. 1, Washington, DC: 1952, pp. 327–9.

    Google Scholar 

  5. See Roberts, G., ‘The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi-Germany’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, 1992, p. 68.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bezymenskii, L., ‘The Secret Protocols of 1939 as a Problem of Soviet Historiography’, in Gorodetsky, G., ed., Soviet Foreign Policy 1917–1991: a Retrospective London: 1994, p. 76.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Roberts, ‘The Soviet Decision for a Pact’, p. 71. See for instance ‘Sobytiya 1939 Goda-Vzglyad s Poluvekovoi Distantsii’, Pravda, 18 August 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  8. ‘Vnov’ o dogovore 1939 goda’, Vestnik ministerstva inostrannykh del SSSR, 28 February 1991, pp. 56–63; Bezymenskii, L. A., ‘Sekretnye protokoly 1939g. kak problema sovetskoi istoriografii’, Rossiya i sovremennyi mir, no. 1(10) 1996, pp. 143–4.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sevestyanov, P., Before the Nazi Invasion: Soviet Diplomacy in September 1939–June 1941, Moscow: 1981, p. 75; Roberts, The Unholy Alliance, p. 157; Beloff. M., The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, vol. 2, 1936–41, London: 1949, pp. 280–2; McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 248–9, quoting The Polish White Book, London: 1940, pp. 187–8, 209–10.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nevezhin, V. A., ‘The Making of Propaganda Concerning USSR Foreign Policy 1939–1941’, in Rosenfeldt, N. E., Jensen, B. and Kulavig, E., Mechanisms of Power in the Soviet Union, Basingstoke: 2000, p. 154.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Izvestiya, 18 September 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Weinberg, G. L., Germany and the Soviet Union, 1939–1941, Leiden: 1954, p. 56.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vinton, L., ‘The Katyn Documents: Politics and History’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report, vol. 2, no. 4, 1993 p. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nazi-Soviet Relations, p. 103, 105–7; Fleischhauer, I., ‘The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: the German Version’, International Affairs, August 1991, pp. 119, 120, 122.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Smulkstys, J., ‘The Incorporation of the Baltic States in the Soviet Union’, Lituanus, vol. 14, no. 2, 1968, pp. 25–6.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gubergrits, A., ed., Ot pakta Molotova-Ribbentropa do dogovora o basakh, Talinin: 1990, p. 44.

    Google Scholar 

  17. DGFP, vol. VI, p. 1076, 806. See Tarulis, A. N., Soviet Policy towards the Baltic States 1918–1940, Notre Dame: 1959, pp. 119–20, 148.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Testimony of Estonian Foreign Minister, K. Selter, in ‘Documents: Negotiating in the Kremlin: the Estonian Experience of 1939’, Lituanus, vol. 14, no. 2, 1968, p. 55; Tarulis, Soviet Policy towards the Baltic States, pp. 148–9. For these negotiations see also Mel’tyukhov, M. I., Narashchivanie sovetskogo voennogo prisutstviya v pribaltike v 1939–1941 godakh’, Otechestvennaya istoriya, no. 4, 1999, p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Izvestiya, 18 September 1939. McSherry, J.E., Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 2, The Imbalance of Power 1939–1941, Arlington: 1970, p. 11; ‘Negotiating in the Kremlin: the Estonian Experience of 1939’, pp. 57–60, 78; Ot pakta MolotovaRibbentropa do dogovora o basakh, pp. 134–43, 167–73, 173–180, 180–9.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tarulis, Soviet Policy Towards the Baltic States, p. 155. See also Mel’tyukhov, ‘Narashchivanie sovetskogo voennogo prisutstviya v pribaltike v 1939–1941 godakh’, p. 51.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kaslas, B. J., ‘The Lithuanian Strip in Soviet-German Secret Diplomacy, 1939–1941’, Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, 1973, p. 215.

    Google Scholar 

  22. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 2, pp. 90–97; Mel’tyukhov, ‘Narashchivanie sovetskogo voennogo prisutstviya v pribaltike v 1939–1941 godakh’, pp. 56–68; ‘The Baltic Countries Join the Soviet Union (Documents on the USSR’s Relations with the Baltic Countries in 1939 and 1940),’ International Affairs, no. 4, April 1990, pp. 97–124.

    Google Scholar 

  23. See documents published in Morozova, I. and Takhnenko, G., ‘“The Winter War”: Documents on Soviet-Finnish Relations 1939–40’, International Affairs, no. 9, 1989, pp. 53–4 and McSherry, Stalin. Hitler and Europe, vol. 2, p. 17; Van Dyke, C., The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–1940, London: 1997, pp. 4, 6; Tanner, V., The Winter War: Finland against Russia, 1939–1940, Stanford: 1950, pp. 74–6.

    Google Scholar 

  24. DGFP, vol. VIII, p. 427. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 2, p. 32; Upton, A. F., Finland 1939–1940, London: 1974, p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Tanner, The Winter War, pp. 66–7; Upton, Finland 1939–1940, p. 40. For an overview of these negotiations see Van Dyke, The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–1940, pp. 14–20; Jakobson, The Diplomacy of the Winter War, p. 135.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kollontai, A., ‘“Seven Shots” in the Winter of 1939’, International Affairs, January 1990, pp. 185–6.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sokolov, V. V., ‘K 200-letiyu MID ROSSII’, Diplomaticheskii Vestnik, no. 7, 2002, p. 147.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mar’ina, V. V., ‘Dnevnik G. Dimitrova’, Voprosy Istorii, no. 7, 2000, p. 41. The text of Molotov’s speech is not available but the tenor was presumably the same as that to the Supreme Soviet, two days later.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sheinis, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov, pp. 367–8; Haslam, J., ‘Soviet Foreign Policy 1939–1941: Isolation and Expansion’, Soviet Union/Union Soviétique, vol. 18, 1991, pp. 116–17.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bezymenskii, L. A., ‘Direktivy I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi v Berlin v noyabre 1940g.’, NNI, no. 4, 1995, pp.76–9. Cf. Roberts, G., ‘Stalin, the Pact with Germany and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography’, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2002, p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dallin, SovietRussias Foreign Policy, p. 270, 273. For the British reaction see Watson, D., ‘Molotov, the Making of the Grand Alliance and the Second Front 1939–1942’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 54, no. 1, 2002, pp. 53–4.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Waddington, G. T., ‘Ribbentrop and the Soviet Union, 1937–1941’, in Erickson, J. and Dilks, D., Barbarossa: the Axis and the Allies, Edinburgh: 1994, pp. 21–2.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dallin, Soviet Russias Foreign Policy, p. 271 estimates the size of the group as 32; Izvestiya, 13 November 1940, Bezymenskii, L. A., ‘Vizit V. M. Molotova v Berlin v noyabre 1940g. v svete novykh dokumentov’, NNI, no. 6, 1995, p. 131; Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis, p. 334 states that the Internationale was not played, to avoid the possibility of the Berliners, familiar with the words, joining in.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Volkov, V. K. ‘Sovetsko-germanskie otnosheniya vo vtoroi polovine 1940 goda’, Voprosy istorii, no. 2, 1997, pp. 8–9, quoting APRF, 56/1/1161, 147–55; Bezymenskii, ‘Direktivy I.V.Stalina V.M. Molotovu pered poezdkoi v Berlin v noyabre 1940g.’, pp. 76–9.

    Google Scholar 

  35. See Bezymenskii, L., Gitler i Stalin pered skhvatkoi, Moscow: 2000, pp. 346–50; Gorlov, S. A., ed., ‘Perepiska V.M. Molotova s I.V. Stalinym noyabr’ 1940 goda’, Voenno-istoricheskii Zhurnal, no. 9, 1992, pp. 18–21. Stalin’s Office Diary contains no record of Molotov meeting him there in the days immediately prior to the visit.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pechatnov, V. O., trans. Zubok, V. M. ‘“The Allies are Pressing on You to Break Your Will …” Foreign Policy Correspondence between Stalin and Molotov and Other Politburo Members, September 1945–December 1946’, Cold War International History Project, Working Paper no. 26, Washington, DC: 1999, p. 1. See also Zubok, V., and Pleshakov, C., Inside the Kremlins Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev, Cambridge MA: 1996, pp. 86–7.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Schmidt, P., Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne 1923–1945, Bonn: 1954, pp. 515–16.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 217–25; The Soviet record of the discussions from APRF are printed in Sevost’yanov, G. N., ‘Poezdka V. M. Molotova v Berlin v noyabre 1940 g.’, NNI, no. 5, 1993, pp. 69–99. They make no reference to Molotov’s question about the USSR turning south, ibid., pp. 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Berezhkov, V., History in the Making (Memoirs of World War II Diplomacy), Moscow: 1998, pp. 26–7.

    Google Scholar 

  40. See below p. 199. See also Berezhkov, V. M., S diplomaticheskoi missiei v Berlin 1940–1941, Moscow: 1966, p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bezymenskii, L., ‘On the Eve: Vyacheslav Molotov’s Talks in Berlin in November 1940’, International Affairs, no. 9, 1991, p. 85.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gorlov, S. A., ‘Peregovory V. M. Molotova v Berlin v noyabre 1940 goda’, Voenno-istoricheskii Zhurnal, no. 6–7, 1992, p. 46.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sipols, V. Ya., Tainy diplomaticheskie kanun Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny, Moscow: 1997, p. 275.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2005 Derek Watson

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Watson, D. (2005). The Nazi-Soviet Pact and After 1939–1941. In: Molotov. Studies in Russian and East European History and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230514522_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230514522_11

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-39109-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-230-51452-2

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics