Abstract
Notwithstanding a number of widely held claims to the contrary, it is held in the main by scientists, academicians and practitioners that a single measurable factor corresponding to human general intelligence does exist. The factor — Spearman’s g, is a gauge of human cognitive ability generally assessed with standardised IQ and other psychometric tests that have been developed in over a century of research and testing. Such tests of human cognitive ability, irrespective of substance or structure, time and again provide evidence that the g factor influences all aspects of human cognition. For a comprehensive review of the discovery of g, cognitive abilities, testing and competing theories to g, see Carroll’s (1993) work.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aaker, D. A., Bagozzi, R. P., Carman, J. M. and MacLachlan, J. M. “On Using Response Latency to Measure Preference,” Journal of Marketing Research, 17 (1980): 237–244.
Alpert, M. “Identification of Determinant Attributes: A Comparison of Methods,” Journal of Marketing Research, 8, 2 (1971): 184–91.
Anderson, J. “A Spreading Activation Theory of Memory,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 22, 261–295 (1983).
Anderson, J. and Pirolli, P. “Spread of Activation,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 10, 4 (1984).
Atkinson, R. C. and Shiffrin, R. M. “Human memory: a proposed system and its control process.” in K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (eds), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Theory and Research, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 1968.
Axelrod, J. N. “Attitude Measures that Predict Purchase,” Journal of Advertising Research, 8 (February/March 1968): 3–17.
Axelrod, J. N. “Minnie, Minnie Tickled the Parson,” Journal of Advertising Research, 26 (February/March 1986): 89–96.
Balota, D. and Lorch, R. Depth of Automatic Spreading Activation: Mediated Priming Effects in Pronunciation but not in Lexical Decisions, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 12, 3 (1986): 364–390.
Bouchard, T. J., Jr. “The Genetic Architecture of Human Intelligence,” in P. A. Vernon (ed.), Biological Approaches to the Study of Human Intelligence (pp. 33–85), Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1993.
Broadbent, D. E. “A mechanical model for human attention and immediate memory,” Psychological Review, 64 (1957): 205–215.
Burke, W. L., and Schoeffler, S. Brand Awareness as a Tool for Profitability, Boston: Cahners Publishing Company, 1980.
Carroll, J. B. Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analyric Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Cohen, L. “The Level of Consciousness: A Dynamic Approach to the Recall Technique,” Journal of Marketing, 3 (1966).
Collins, A. and Loftus, E. A Spreading Activation Theory of Semantic Processing, Psychological Review, 82 (1975): 407–428.
Corstjens, M. and Doyle, P. “Evaluating Alternative Retail Repositioning Strategies,” Marketing Science, 8, 2 (1989): 170–80.
Craik, F. and Lockhart, L. “Levels of Processing: A Framework for Memory Research,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 11 (1972): 671–684.
Craik, F. and Tulving, E. “Depth of Processing and the Retention of Word in Episodic Memory,” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14 (1975): 268–294.
Doyle, P. and Gidengil, B. Z. “A Review of In-Store Experiments,” Journal of Retailing, 53, 2 (1977): 47–62.
Doyle, P. Experimental Methods in Retailing, in Consumer and Industrial Buying Behaviour, Arch G. Woodside, Jagdish N. Sheth, and Peter D. Bennett (eds), North-Holland, New York, 1977.
Duncan, J., Seitz, R. J., Kolodny, J., Bor, D., Herzog, H., Ahmed, A., Newell, F. N. and Emslie, H. “A Neural Basis for General Intelligence,” Science, (2000), 289: 457–460.
Eysenck, H. J. “The Biological Basis of Intelligence”, in P. A. Vernon (ed.), Biological Approaches to the Study of Human Intelligence (pp. 1–32), Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1993.
Fazio, R. “How Do Attitudes Guide Behaviour?” In: Handbook of Motivation and Cognition (eds R. Sorentino and E. Higgins), New York: Guilford Press, 1986.
Fazio, R. H., Powell, M. C. and Herr, P. M. “Toward a Process Model of the Attitude-Behaviour Relation: Accessing One’s Attitude Upon Mere Observation of the Attitude Object,” Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology 44, 6 (1983): 723–35.
Fazio, R., Powell, M. and Williams, C. “The Role of Attitude Accessibility in the Attitude-to-Behaviour Process,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 27 (1989).
Frearson, W. M. and Eysenck, H. J. “Intelligence, reaction time (RT) and a new ‘odd-man-out’ RT paradigm,” Personality and Individual Differences, 7 (1986): 808–817.
Furnham, A. Financial Times, October 8, 1999.
Gruber, A. “Top-of-Mind Awareness and Share of Families: An Observation,” Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 2 (1969): 227–31.
Grunert, K. “Research in Consumer Behaviour: Beyond Attitude and Decision Making,” Journal of the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research, Vol. 16, No. 5 (1988).
Grunert, K. “Automatic and Strategic Processes in the Perception of Advertising,” Paper presented at the 22nd International Congress of Applied Psychology, Kyoto, Japan (July 22–27, 1990).
Grunert, K. “Automatic and Strategic Processes in Advertising Effects,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 60, No. 4 (1996).
Hauser, J. R. “Agendas and Consumer Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research, 23 (August 1986): 199–212.
Hilgard, E. R. “Consciousness in Contemporary Psychology,” In: Annual Review of Psychology, 31 (1980): 1–26.
Horn, J. and Cattell, R. “Refinement and Test of the Theory of Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence,” Journal of Educational Psychology, 57 (1966): 253–270.
Horn, J. “Intellectual ability concepts,” in R. J. Sternberg (ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, Vol. 3 (pp. 35–77), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1986.
James, W. The Principles of Psychology, New York: Dover, 1950.
Jensen, A. R. “Psychometric g as a Focus of Concerted Research Effort,” Intelligence, 11 (1987): 193–198.
Jensen, A. R. “Speed of Information Processing and Population Differences,” In S. H. Irvine and J. W. Berry (eds), Human Abilities in Cultural Context, pp. 105–145. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Jensen, A. R. The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability, Praeger, 1998.
Jensen, A. R. “The ‘g’ factor: the science of mental ability,” Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, pp. 531–534, 1999.
Johnston, E. and Dark “Selective Attention,” American Psychological Review, 37, 43–75 (1986).
Kaufman, A. S. and Kaufman, N. L. Interpretive Manual for the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, 1983.
Kaufman, A. S. and Kaufman, N. L. Manual for the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, 1990.
Kline, P., Draycott, S. G. and McAndrew, V. M. “Reconstructing intelligence: a factor analytic study of the BIP,” Personality and Individual Differences, 16 (1994): 529–536.
Kyllonen, P. C. and Christal, R. E. “Reasoning Ability is (Little More Than) Working Memory Capacity?” Intelligence, 14 (1990): 389–433.
Kyllonen, P. C. “Aptitude Testing Inspired by Information Processing: A Test of the Four-sources Model,” Journal of General Psychology, 120 (1993): 375–405.
Lehrl, S. and Fischer, B. “The basic parameters of human information processing: Their role in the determination of intelligence,” Personality and Individual Differences, 9 (1988): 883–896.
Lockhart, R., Craik, F. and Jacoby, L. Depth of Processing, Recognition and Recall. In J. Brown (ed.) Recall and Recognition, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1976.
MacLachlan, J. “Response Latency: New Measure of Advertising,” New York: Advertising Research Foundation, 1977.
McClelland, J. and Rumelhart, D. “An Integrated Activation Model of Context Effects in Letter Perception,” Psychological Review, 88 (1981).
McGue, M., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Iacono, W. G. and Lykken, D. T. “Behavioural Genetics of Cognitive Ability: A Life-span Perspective”. In R. Plomin and G. E. McClearn (eds), Nature, Nurture and Psychology (pp. 59–76). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1993.
Neubauer, A. C. and Freudenthaler, H. H. “Reaction time in a sentence-picture verification test and intelligence: Individual strategies and effects of extended practice,” Intelligence, 19 (1994): 193–218.
Newell, A. and Simon, H. A. Human problem solving, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Peterson, L. and Peterson, M. “Short-term retention of individual verbal items,” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58 (1959): 193–8.
Piaget, J. The Origins of Intelligence in Children, NY: Publisher?, 1954.
Plomin, R., McClearn, G. E., Smith, D. L., Vignetti, S., Chorney, M. J., Corney, K., Venditti, C. P., Kasarda, S., Thompson, L. A., Detterman, D. K., Daniels, J., Owen, M. and McGuffin, P. “DNA Markers Associated with High versus Low IQ: The IQ Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Project,” Behaviour Genetics, 24 (1994): 107–118.
Raven, J. “Guide to Using the Coloured Progressive Matrices Sets A, Ab, BC (1965),” London: H. K. Lewis.
Raven, J., Court, J., Raven, J. Manual for Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (1996 edn.). Oxford, UK: Oxford Psychologists Press.
Richardson, J. T. E., Eysenck, M. W. and Piper, D. W. (eds). “Student learning: research in education and cognitive psychology,” Society for Research into Higher Education, 1987.
Sternberg, S. “Memory-scanning: New findings and current controversies,” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 27 (1975): 1–32.
Sternberg, R. J. Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1977.
Sternberg, S. “High-speed scanning in human memory,” Science, 153 (1996): 652–654.
Tigert, D. J. “Pushing the Hot Buttons for a Successful Retailing Strategy,” In Patronage Behaviour and Retail Management, William R. Darden and Robert F. Lusch (eds), New York: Elsevier North-Holland, 1983.
Trappey III, R. J. and Woodside, A. G. “Attitude-Accessibility and Primary Store Choice,” Working Paper, Freeman School of Business, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. 1991.
Tulving, E. and Thomson, D. “Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory,” Psychological Review, 80 (1973): 79–82.
Tulving, E. and Schachter, D. “Priming and human memory systems,” Science, 247 (1990): 301–6.
Vernon, P. A. “Speed of information processing and general intelligence,” Intelligence, 5 (1983): 345–355.
Vernon, P. A. and Jensen, A. R. “Individual and group differences in intelligence and speed of information processing,” Personality and Individual Differences, 5 (1984): 411–423.
Vernon, P. A., Nador, S., Kantor, L. “Reaction times and speed-of-processing: Their relationship to timed and untimed measures of intelligence,” Intelligence, 9 (1985): 357–374.
Vernon, P. A. and Kantor, L. “Reaction time correlations with intelligence test scores obtained under either timed or untimed conditions,” Intelligence, 10 (1986): 315–330.
Vernon, P. A. “The heritability of measures of speed of information processing,” Personality and Individual Differences, 10 (1989): 573–576.
Ward, S., Wackman, D. and Wartella, E. How Children Learn to Buy, Place?: Sage, 1977.
Woodside, A. and Trappey, R. “Finding Out Why Customers Shop Your Store and Shop Your Brand: Automatic-unconscious Processing Models of Primary Choice,” Journal of Advertising Research, Nov/Dec 1992.
Woodside, A. G. and Trappey, R.J. “Customer Portfolio Analysis Among Competing Retail Brands,” Journal of Business Research, 35 (1996): 189–200.
Copyright information
© 2005 Randolph J. Trappey III and Arch Woodside
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Trappey, R.J., Woodside, A.G. (2005). The Role of Human Cognitive Ability (g) in Consumers’ Automatic and Strategic Processing of Brands. In: Brand Choice. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230514201_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230514201_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-52357-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-51420-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)