Skip to main content

Main Economic Characteristics of Small Countries: Some Empirical Evidence

  • Chapter
Book cover Small Countries in a Global Economy

Abstract

In the past four decades there have only been a few studies on the economic consequences of the size of countries (Robinson (1960), Khalaf (1971), Jalan (1982)) and only a few more on some of their special economic characteristics (Kuznets (1960), Michealy (1962), Lloyd (1968), Deans and Bernstein (1978), Senjur (1992a and 1992b), Damijan (1993, 1996), etc.). The main economic characteristics of small countries identified in those studies can be classified as a tendency towards:

  • greater foreign trade openness

  • greater concentration of production structure

  • limited ability to achieve economies of scale

  • greater commodity and geographic concentration of foreign trade

  • larger public sector

  • greater balance of payments difficulties

  • smaller value of export multiplier.

This paper was written while the author was a Visiting Fellow at the University of Kiel, Institute for Economic Policy, Germany

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • AFXENTIOU P.C. and SERLETIS A. (1991): ‘Exports and GNP Causality in the Industrial Countries: 1950–1985.’ Kyklos, 44,2, pp. 167–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BALASSA B. (1978): ‘Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence.’ Journal of Development Economics, 5, pp. 181–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CHENERY H.B. (1960): ‘Pattems of Industrial Growth.’ American Economic Review, L. September, pp. 624–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • COPPOCK J.D. (1962): International Economic Instability. New York: Economic Handbook Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • DAMIJAN J. (1993): ‘The Size of the Country and the Level of Development’ Slovenian Economic Review, Ljubljana, 44, 6, pp. 510–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • DAMIJAN J.P. (1996): Small Countries in World Trade. Ljubljana: Krt.

    Google Scholar 

  • DEANS H.D. and BERNSTEIN R.E. (1978): ‘Country Size, Trade Concentration and Trade Instability: An Alternative Approach.’ Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 114, pp. 258–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DOMMEN E. and HEIN P. (1985): States, Microstates and Islands. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • DOUGHERTY C. (1992): Introduction to Econometiics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ETHER W.J. (1982): ‘National and International Returns to Scale in the Modem Theory of International Trade.’ American Economic Review, 72, 3, pp. 389–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • ETHIER W.J. (1995): Modern International Economic. New York: Norton, 3rd edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • FABRICANT S. (1960): ‘Study of the Size and Efficiency of the American Economy’. In: ROBINSON E.A.G., ed.: Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Macmillan, pp. 35–53.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • GREENAWAY D. and MILNER C. (1984): ‘A Cross Section Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade in the U.K.’ European Economic Review, Amsterdam, 25, 3, pp. 319–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HELPMAN E. and KRUGMAN P.R. (1985): Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition and International Economy. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • HRSCH S. (1977): Rich Man’s, Poor Man’s and Every Man’s Goods: Aspects of Industrialization. Tübingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • HIRSCHMAN A.O. (1945): National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • HUGHES H. (1984): ‘Industrializing Small Countries’. Industry and Development, 12, 3, pp. 89–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • JALAN B. (1982): ‘Classification of Economies by Size’. In: JALAN B., ed.: Problems and Policies in Small Economies. London: Croom Helm, pp. 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • JÖHR W.A. and KNESCHAUREK F. (1960): ‘Study of the Efficiency of a Small Nation — Switzerland.’ In: ROBINSON E.A.G., ed.: Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Macmillan, pp. 54–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • KADAR B. (1981): ‘Adjustments Problems, Patterns and Policies in Small Countries.’ Acta Oeconomica, Budapest, 27, 1–2, pp. 125–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • KHALAF N. G. (1971): Economic Implications of the Size of Nations, With Special Reference to Lebanon. Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • KNUDSEN O. and PARNES A. (1975): Trade Instability and Economic Development. Lexington: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • KUZNETS S. (1960): ‘Economic Growth of Small Nations’. In: ROBINSON E.A.G, ed.: Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Macmillan, pp. 14–32.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • KUZNETS S. (1964): ‘Level and Structure of Foreign Trade: Comparisons for Recent Years.’ Economic Development and Cultural Change, XIII, September, pp. 1–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • LAL D. (1980): ‘A Liberal International Economic Order: The International Monetary System and Economic Development.’ Essays in International Finance, Princeton, 139, October, 46 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • LEDUC G. and WEILLER J. (1960): ‘The Size of the Economy and its Relation to Stability and Steady Progress’. In: ROBINSON E.A.G., ed.: Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Macmillan, pp. 200–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • LEWIS W.A. (1955): The Theory of Economic Growth. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • LLOYD P.J. (1968): International Trade Problems of Small Nations. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LOERTSCHER R. and WOLTER F. (1980): ‘Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade: Among Countries and across Countries.’ Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Tübingen, 116, 2, pp. 280–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • MACBEAN A.I. (1966): Export Instability and Economic Development. London: Social and Economic Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • MACHLUP F. (1943): International Trade and the National Income Multiplier. Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • MASSELL B.F. (1970): ‘Export Instability and Economic Structure.’ American Economic Review, 60, pp. 618–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • MARY G. (1960): ‘How Far Can Foreign Trade and Customs Agreements Confer Upon Small Nations the Advantages of Large Nations?’ In: ROBINSON E.A.G., ed.: Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Macmillan, pp. 265–281.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • MARSHALL A. (1919): Industry and Trade. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • MICHEALY M. (1958): ‘Concentration of Exports and Imports.’ The Economic Journal, December, pp. 722–736.

    Google Scholar 

  • MICHEALY M. (1962): Concentration in International Trade. Contribution to Economic Analysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • MUSGRAVE R. (1969) A.: Fiscal Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • OHLIN B. (1952): Interregional and International Trade. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Reprint from 1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • PANAGARIYA A. (1981): ‘Variable Returns to Scale and Patterns of Specialisation.’ American Economic Review, 71, 1, pp. 21–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • PANAGARIYA A. (1986): ‘Increasing Returns, Dynamic Stability and International Trade.’ Journal of International Economics, 20, 1, pp. 43–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PEARSON D. S. (1965): ‘Income Distribution and the Size of Nations.’ Economic Development and Cultural Change, XII, July, pp. 472–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PRATTEN C. (1988): ‘A Survey of the Economies of Scale.’ In: Commission of the EC: Research on the ‘Costs of non-Europe’, Vol. 2, Luxembourg, pp. 11–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • ROBINSON E.A.G. (1960): ‘The Size of the Nation and the Cost of Administration’. In: ROBINSON E.A.G., ed.: Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Macmillan, pp. 223–339.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • SALVATORE D. (1995): International Economics. New York: Macmillan, 5th edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCHMEDTJE J. and LAL S. (1968): ‘A Cross Section Analysis of Government Expenditure Patterns in Developing Countries.’ IBRD Working Paper, Washington, No. 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • SENJUR M. (1992a): ‘Viability of Economic Development of Small State Separating From a Larger One (The Case of Slovenija).’ In: SENJUR M., ed.: Small Countries in the Global Economy — The Case of Slovenia. Ljubljana: Development & International Cooperation, VIII, 14–15, pp. 5–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • SENJUR M. (1992b): ‘Višina javnih izdatkov glede na gospodarsko razvitost in velikost države: primer Slovenije — proraèun 1991.’ Slovenian Economic Review, Ljubljana, 43, 3, pp. 239–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • SOUTAR GN. (1977): ‘Export Instability and Concentration in the Less Developed Countries: A Cross Sectional Analysis.’ Journal of Development Economics, 4, pp. 279–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SUMMERS R. and HESTON A. (1991): ‘The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950–1988.’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, CVI, 2, pp. 327–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • SVENNILSON I. (1960): ‘The Concept of the Nation and its Relevance to Economic Analysis.’ In: ROBINSON E.A.G., ed.: Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Macmillan, pp. 1–12.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • THORN R.S. (1972): ‘The Evolution of Public Finances During Economic Development.’ In: SAHNI B. S., ed.: Public Expenditure Analysis. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, pp. 187–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • VOGEL F. (1993): ‘Einige Anmerkungen zu einer Einteilung der Länder der Erde nach ihrem Entwicklungsstand’. Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 211, 3–4, pp. 306–323.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2001 Jože P. Damijan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Damijan, J.P. (2001). Main Economic Characteristics of Small Countries: Some Empirical Evidence. In: Salvatore, D., Svetličič, M., Damijan, J.P. (eds) Small Countries in a Global Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230513198_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics