Skip to main content

Institutionalization and Ritualization

  • Chapter
  • 188 Accesses

Part of the book series: Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations ((SID))

Abstract

In the previous chapter we proposed that diplomacy be seen as an international institution, understood in terms of norms, rules and roles. Moreover, we identified coexistence as a fundamental norm of diplomacy, reciprocity as a perennial normative theme, and immunity as an important procedural rule. An institutional perspective implies stability. Yet we have also insisted on the need for a processual approach, depicting ourselves as partisans of flux and calling for dynamic verb forms to characterize diplomacy. In other words, we are interested in the dynamic processes through which actions become institutions and institutions shape actions. In this chapter we will focus on two interrelated dynamic processes, the institutionalization and ritualization of diplomacy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. J.G. March and J.P. Olsen, “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders,” International Organization, 52 (1998) 948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Stone Sweet, N. Fliegstein and W. Sandholtz, “The Institutionalization of European Space,” in A. Stone Sweet, N. Fliegstein and W. Sandholtz (eds), The Institutionalization of Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 12.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. K. Holsti, Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 178–9.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. G.R. Berridge, “Amarna Diplomacy: A Full-fledged Diplomatic System?” in R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds), Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginning of International Relations (Baltimore, MD. and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cf. J.R. Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 55.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. G. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (London: Jonathan Cape, 1955), p. 106.

    Google Scholar 

  7. See G.R. Berridge, “Notes on the Origins of the Diplomatic Corps: Constantinople in the 1620s,” Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, No. 92 (The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael,” 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cf. K. Hamilton and R. Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 104;

    Google Scholar 

  9. M.S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919 (London and New York: Longman, 1993), p. 121.

    Google Scholar 

  10. François Guizot, quoted in H.J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 3rd edn (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 247.

    Google Scholar 

  11. P.M. Haas, “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination,” International Organization, 46 (1992) 1–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. H. Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (Londo: Constable, 1954; reprinted by the Diplomatic Studies Programme, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester, 1998), p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  13. G.R. Berridge, Diplomacy: Theory and Practice (London: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1995), p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  14. C. Bell, Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  15. D.I. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  16. C. Bell, Ritual Theory Ritual Practice (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  17. E. Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 3, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cf. G. Baumann, “Ritual Implicates ‘Others’: Rereading Durkheim in a Plural Society,” in D. de Coppet (ed.), Understanding Rituals (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 98.

    Google Scholar 

  19. E.W. Rothenbuhler, Ritual Communication: From Everyday Conversation to Mediated Ceremony (London: Sage, 1998), pp. 16–18.

    Google Scholar 

  20. R.L. Grimes, Beginnings in Ritual Studies (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1982), pp. 39–40.

    Google Scholar 

  21. M. Fortes, “Ritual and Office in Tribal Societies,” in M. Gluckman (ed.), Essays on the Ritual of Social Relations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1962), p. 86.

    Google Scholar 

  22. M. Bloch, Ritual, History and Power: Selected Papers in Anthropology (London: The Athlone Press, 1989), p. 122.

    Google Scholar 

  23. F. Theuws, “Introduction: Rituals in Transforming Societies,” in F. Theuws and J.L. Nelson (eds), Rituals of Power: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (Leiden, Boston, MA and Köln: Brill, 2000), p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  24. C.M. Constantinou, On the Way to Diplomacy (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 84.

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action (Chicago, IL: Markham, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  26. E. Goffman, Interaction Ritual (London: Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1972), pp. 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  27. E. Goldstein, “Developments in Protocol,” in J. Kurbalija (ed.), Modern Diplomacy (Malta: Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, 1998), p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. Busk, The Craft of Diplomacy (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967), p. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  29. E. Clark, Corps Diplomatique (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p. 109.

    Google Scholar 

  30. W.L. Moran (ed. and trans.), The Amarna Letters (Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  31. J.M. Munn-Rankin, “Diplomacy in Western Asia in the Early Second Millennium B.C.,” Iraq, XVIII, pt. 1 (1956) 91.

    Google Scholar 

  32. M. Mullett, “The Language of Diplomacy,” in J. Shepard and S. Franklin (eds), Byzantine Diplomacy (Aldershot: Variorum, 1992), p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  33. H. Nicolson, Diplomacy, 3rd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  34. G. Beckman, Hittite Diplomatic Texts (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1996), pp. 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wiethoff, “A Machiavellian Paradigm for Diplomatie Communication,” Journal of Politics, 43 (1981) 1092n3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Cf. E. Satow, Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice, 5th edn, ed. Lord Gore-Booth (London and New York: Longman, 1979), pp. 41–5;

    Google Scholar 

  37. C.W. Thayer, Diplomat (New York: Harper&Brothers, 1959), p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  38. R. Numelin, The Beginnings of Diplomacy: A Sociological Study of Inter-tribal and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 305.

    Google Scholar 

  39. R. Britton, “Chinese Interstate Intercourse before 700 B.C.,” in C. Jönsson and R. Langhorne (eds), Diplomacy, Volume II (London: Sage, 2004), p. 98.

    Google Scholar 

  40. R.L. Walker, The Multi-State System of Ancient China (Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1953), p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  41. T. Sen, “In Search of Longevity and Good Karma: Chinese Diplomatic Missions to Middle India in the Seventh Century,” Journal of World History, 12 (2001) 8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. W. Roosen, “Early Modern Diplomatic Ceremonial: A Systems Approach,” Journal of Modern History, 52 (1980) 466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. G.R. Berridge, “Diplomacy after Death: The Rise of the Working Funeral,” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 4 (1993) 217–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. J. Hartmann, Staats zeremoniell (Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1988), pp. 272–5.

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. Finet, “La sacrifice de l’âne en Mésopotamie,” in J. Quaegebeur (ed.), Ritual and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East (Leuven: Peeters, 1993), p. 141.

    Google Scholar 

  46. F.E. Adcock and J. Mosley, Diplomacy in Ancient Greece (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975), pp. 183, 229.

    Google Scholar 

  47. A. Eban, The New Diplomacy (London: Weidenfeld&Nicolson, 1983), p. 336.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Cf. M. Liverani, International Relations in the Ancient Near East, 1600–1100 BC (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 135–8;

    Book  Google Scholar 

  49. R. Cohen, “On Diplomacy in the Ancient Near East: The Amarna Letters,” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 7 (1996) 245–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. C.P. Jones, Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 39–40.

    Google Scholar 

  51. I. Malkin (ed.), Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 207.

    Google Scholar 

  52. E. Plischke, Conduct of American Diplomacy, 3rd edn (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1967), p. 6;

    Google Scholar 

  53. P. Barber, Diplomacy: The World of the Honest Spy (London: The British Library, 1979), pp. 55–6;

    Google Scholar 

  54. Cf. K.J. Holsti, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648–1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 33.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  55. See K. Colegrove, “Diplomatic Procedure Preliminary to the Congress of Westphalia,” American Journal of International Law, 13 (1919) 450–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. R. Cohen, Theatre of Power: The Art of Diplomatic Signalling (London and New York: Longman, 1987), p. 142.

    Google Scholar 

  57. G.J. Roy, Diplomacy in Ancient India (New Delhi: Janaki Prakashan, 1981), p. 37;

    Google Scholar 

  58. L.S. Frey and M.L. Frey, The History of Diplomatic Immunity (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999), p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  59. J.D. Mosley, “Envoys and Diplomacy in Ancient Greece,” Historia: Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte, Einzelschriften, Heft 22 (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1973), p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  60. E.R. Adair, The Extraterritoriality of Ambassadors in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., 1929), p. 41.

    Google Scholar 

  61. P. Sharp, “Who Needs Diplomats? The Problem of Diplomatic Representation,” in J. Kurbalija (ed.), Modern Diplomacy (Malta: Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, 1998), p. 63.

    Google Scholar 

  62. C.E. Wilson, Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1967), p. 276.

    Google Scholar 

  63. J.C. Barker, The Abuse of Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: A Necessary Evil? (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996), p. 241.

    Google Scholar 

  64. G.V. McClanahan, Diplomatic Immunity: Principles, Practices, Problems (London: Hurst&Co, 1989), p. 28.

    Google Scholar 

  65. B. Mukherjee, Kautilya’s Concept of Diplomacy: A New Interpretation (Calcutta: Minerva, 1976), p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  66. G. Herman, Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 16, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  67. A.D. Lee, Information and Frontiers: Roman Foreign Relations in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 46–7.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  68. S. Talbott, “Globalization and Diplomacy: A Practitioner’s Perspective,” Foreign Policy, 108 (1997) 78.

    Google Scholar 

  69. See J.A. Black, A. George and N. Postgate, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999), p. 267.

    Google Scholar 

  70. A. Wolpert, “The Genealogy of Diplomacy in Classical Greece,” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12 (2001) 82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. E. Clark, Corps Diplomatique (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p. 111.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2005 Christer Jönsson and Martin Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jönsson, C., Hall, M. (2005). Institutionalization and Ritualization. In: Essence of Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511040_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics