Skip to main content

Direct Rule and the Unionist Middle Classes

  • Chapter
Unionism in Modern Ireland

Abstract

In March 1972, as the political climate in Northern Ireland degenerated apace, the Conservative administration in London exercised its constitutional prerogative and dissolved the devolved legislature at Stormont. The introduction of ‘direct rule’ from Westminster represents a significant watershed in the development of modern Northern Ireland. The operation of direct rule over the past two decades has initiated a ‘passive revolution’ which has transformed Northern Irish society. The aspect of social change occasioned by direct rule which has preoccupied commentators most is the emergence of an enlarged and variegated Catholic middle class. Rather less attention has been afforded to the more affluent elements of the unionist community. This essay seeks to begin to redress this significant imbalance within the study of contemporary Northern Irish society.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  • A. Gramsci, Selections From the Prison Notebooks (London, 1971), pp. 105–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Gordon, The O’Neill Years: Unionist Politics 1963–69 (Belfast, 1989), p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Wilson, Ulster: Conflict and Consent (Oxford, 1989), p. 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • B. O’Leary and P. Arthur, ‘Northern Ireland as the Site of State- and Nation-Building Failures’, pp. 1–17 in J. McGarry and B. O’Leary (eds), The Future of Northern Ireland (Oxford, 1990), pp. 27–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, op. cit., p. 9; B. Rowthom and N. Wayne, Northern Ireland: The Political Economy of Conflict (Cambridge, 1988), p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Rose, ‘Is the UK a State? Northern Ireland as a Test Case’, pp. 100–36, in P. Madgwick and R. Rose (eds), The Territorial Dimension in UK Politics (London, 1982), p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Hadfield, ‘Northern Ireland Affairs and Westminster’, pp. 130–50 in B. Barton and P. Roche (eds), The Northern Ireland Question: Myth and Reality (Aldershot, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, op. cit., pp. 37–8; L. O’Dowd, B. Rolston and M. Tomlinson, Northern Ireland: Between Civil Rights and Civil War (London, 1980), p. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Millar, ‘Battle for the Union to be Held on English Soil’, The Irish Times, 16 January 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Arthur, ‘The Anglo-Irish Joint Declaration: Towards a Lasting Peace?’, Government and Opposition 29:2 (1994), pp. 218–30; Ryan, op. cit., pp. 148–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Bew and H. Patterson, The British State and the Ulster Crisis: From Wilson to Thatcher (London, 1985), p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Arthur, Government and Politics of Northern Ireland (Harlow, 1989), p. 32; A. Green, Government and Public Finance: Stormont 1921 to 1971 (Glasgow, 1979); Wichert, op. cit., p. 17; Wilson, op. cit., p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • V. N. Hewitt, ‘The Public Sector’, pp. 353–77 in R. Harris et al. (eds), The Northern Ireland Economy (Harlow, 1990), p. 366.

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Rowthom, ‘Northern Ireland: An Economy in Crisis’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 5, pp. 1–31 (1981), p. 10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Gaffikin and M. Morrissey, Northern Ireland: The Thatcher Years (London, 1990), p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Tomlinson, Twenty Years On: The Costs of War and the Dividends of Peace (Belfast, 1994), p. 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Anderson and J. Goodman, ‘Northern Ireland: Dependency, Class and Cross-Border Integration in the European Union’, Capital and Class 54 (1994), pp. 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V. Borooah, ‘Northern Ireland: Typology of a Regional Economy’, pp. 1–23, in P. Teague (ed.), The Economy of Northern Ireland (London, 1993); J. W. McAuley, The Politics of Identity: A Loyalist Community in Belfast (Aldershot, 1994), p. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Poliak (ed.), A Citizens’ Enquiry: The Opsahl Report on Northern Ireland (Dublin, 1993), p. 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Milburn, ‘Class Act’, Fortnight 328 (1994) p. 11; Wichert, op. cit., pp. 177, 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolston, ‘The Contented Classes’, The Irish Reporter 9 (1993), pp. 7–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • I. MacKinnon, ‘Ulster Few Enjoy a Golden Age’, The Independent on Sunday, 8 August 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Macauley, ‘Catholics Scarce on the “Movers and Shakers” List’, The Irish News, 16 March 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Teague, ‘Not a Firm Basis’, Fortnight 317 (1993), pp. 28–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Breen, ‘Middle Classes Find a Silver Lining’, Red Pepper 5 (October 1994), pp. 26–7; B. Rolston, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Brennock, ‘Guess Who’s Coming to Belfast 9?’, The Irish Times, 23 March 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, op. cit; N. O’Faolain, ‘The Discreet Charm of the Northern Bourgeoisie’, The Irish Times, 10 July 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Bew and H. Patterson, The British State and the Ulster Crisis (London, 1985), pp. 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Buckland, A History of Northern Ireland (Dublin, 1981), pp. 157–8; A. Guelke, ‘Limits to Conflict and Accommodation’, pp. 190–206, in A. Guelke (ed.), New Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Conflict (Aldershot, 1994), p. 194.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Bew and H. Patterson, The British State and the Ulster Crisis (London, 1985), p. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Aughey, Under Siege: Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement (Belfast, 1989), pp. 141–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Dixon, “‘The Usual English Doubletalk”: The British Political Parties and the Ulster Unionists 1974–94’, Irish Political Studies 9 (1994), pp. 26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Hadden and K. Boyle, The Anglo-Irish Agreement: Commentary, Text and Official Review (London, 1989), p. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • 47.A. Aughey, Under Siege (Belfast, 1989), p. 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Bew and H. Patterson, ‘The New Stalemate: Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement’, pp. 41–57, in P. Teague (ed.), Beyond the Rhetoric (London, 1987), p. 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Aughey, Under Siege (Belfast, 1989), pp. 138–46; P. O’Malley, Northern Ireland: Questions of Nuance (Belfast, 1990), p. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Villiers, Reunited Kingdom (London, 1990), p. 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Davidson, Electoral Integrationism (Belfast, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Clifford, Government Without Opposition (Belfast, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Bew and H. Patterson, ‘The New Stalemate: Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement’, pp. 41–57, in P. Teague (ed.), Beyond the Rhetoric (London, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Bevins, ‘Major’s Pact with Unionists Exposed’, The Independent 28 July 1993; E. McCann, op. cit., pp. 56–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • J. W. Foster, ‘Processed Peace?’, Fortnight 326 (1994), pp. 35–7.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1996 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Coulter, C. (1996). Direct Rule and the Unionist Middle Classes. In: English, R., Walker, G. (eds) Unionism in Modern Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230509849_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics