Abstract
The legacy of Horatio Nelson is something more than just that of a fleet commander who had won a famous victory and more than just that of a distinctively British naval hero. His legacy is different from that of a Marlborough or a Wellington, who are also seen as great commanders. Beyond that, Nelson is seen as the embodiment of key professional virtues for naval leaders that provides an enduring model. Within a century after his death, Nelson had become a hero among the world’s navies and an icon of naval professionalism around the globe. The applications of Nelson’s name in professional naval terms are remarkable and extend to the present day and to modern navies that no longer bear any physical resemblance to those of the age of fighting sail. If one excludes from examination here the distinctive views that may have developed in Nelson’s own victorious Royal Navy and those navies that directly evolved from its traditions in British colonies and the Commonwealth and then if one adds to that number those that Nelson defeated, France, Spain, and Denmark, there are still nearly 150 of the world’s navies to consider. In that wide field, one may turn to the navies of Germany, Japan, China, the Soviet Union, Latin America, and the United States as representative cases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
C.I. Hamilton, ‘Naval Hagiography and the Victorian Hero’, The Historical Journal, 23, 2 (1980), pp. 381–98.
Dudley W. Knox (ed.), Naval Documents Relating to the Quasi War between the United States and France (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935), vol. 1, p. 26: Letter from Samuel Sewell to Secretary Timothy Pickering, 27 December 1797.
Compare with Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas (ed.), The dispatches and letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, with notes (London: H. Colburn, 1845–46), vol. II, p. 379.
Quoted in Michael A. Palmer, Stoddert’s War: Naval Operations During the Quasi-War with France, 1798–1801 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1987), p. 203.
Dudley W. Knox (ed.), Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1941), vol. 3, p. 434. Tobias Lear to Robert Montgomery, 19 February 1804.
Among recent uses of this quotation, see, for example, E.B. Potter and C.W. Nimitz (eds), Sea Power: A Naval History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960), p. 202; The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970), vol. 5, p. 282.
A detailed description of the action, without the quotation, may be found in Christopher McKee, Edward Preble: A Naval Biography, 1761–1807 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1972), pp. 189–99.
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, The Life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry 5th edition (New York: Harper & Brothers, [1858]), vol. 1, p. 222.1 am grateful to Dr David Skaggs for this reference.
David Curtis Skaggs, Thomas Macdonough: Master of Command in the Early US Navy (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2004), p. 127;
William R. Folsom, ‘The Battle of Plattsburg’, Vermont Quarterly, 20 (October 1952), p. 253.
Skaggs, Macdonough. See also, Charles E. Brodine, Jr., Michael J. Crawford, and Christine Hughes, Against All Odds: U.S. Sailors in the War of 1812 (Washington: Naval Historical Center, 2004), p. 59.
Letter from Robert Southey to Grosvenor C. Bradford, 8 December 1828, in Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey (ed.), The Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1850; facsimile reprint: St Clair Shores, Michigan: Scholarly Press, 1969), vol. V, p. 335 and footnote.
James Fenimore Cooper, ‘Preface to the second edition [1851]’, in The Two Admirals: A Tale. Historical Introduction by Donald A. Ringe. Text established by James A. Sapperfield and E.N. Feltskog. The Writings of James Fenimore Cooper Series. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), p. 8.
Thomas Philbrick, fames Fenimore Cooper and the Development of American Sea Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961).
G.L. Newnham Collingwood (ed.), A selection from the public and private correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood: interspersed with memoirs of his life. First American edition from the 4th English edition. (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1829).
James H. Ward, A Manual of Naval Tactics: together with a brief critical analysis of the principal modern naval battles (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1859), p. 6.
Sir Howard Douglas, On Naval Warfare with Steam (London: John Murray, 1858).
Letter from Commander S. Phillips Lee, USN, to Commander Henry Grant, RN, 28 September 1861. Professor Edward K. Rawson and Robert H. Woods (eds), Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1897), Series I, vol. 6, The Atlantic Blockading Squadron, p. 294.
Letter from Acting Rear Admiral S.P. Lee, USN, to Assistant Secretary of the Navy G.V. Fox, 4 April 1864. Prof. Edward K. Rawson and Charles W. Stewart (eds), Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), Series I, vol. 9, North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1863–1864, pp. 583–4.
Letter from Commander George Henry Preble, USN, to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, 1 March 1864. Richard Rush (ed.), Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895), Series I, vol. 2, The Operations of the Cruisers 1863–64, p. 622.
Letter from Confederate Secretary of the Navy S.R. Mallory to Commander James D. Bulloch, CSN, 7 May 1863. C.C. Marsh (ed.), Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1921), Series II, vol. 2, Navy Department Correspondence, 1861–65, with Agents Abroad, pp. 417–19, quote from p. 418.
Extracts from the diary of Lieutenant Francis A. Roe, US Navy. Charles W. Stewart (ed.), Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), Series I, vol. 18, West Gulf Blockading Squadron, 1862, p. 768.
Quoted in Chares Lee Lewis, David Glasgow Farragut: Our First Admiral (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1943), p. 315.
Winfield Scott Schley, Forty-Five Years under the Flag (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1904), p. 51.
John B. Hattendorf, ‘The Study of War History at Oxford’, in Hattendorf and Malcolm H. Murfett (eds), The Limitations of Military Power: Essays Presented to Norman Gibbs on his Eightieth Birthday (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1990), pp. 5–7.
Donald M. Schurman, The Education of a Navy: The Development of British Naval Strategic Thought, 1867–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965);
Andrew Lambert, The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy, and the Historical Profession (London: Chatham Publishing, 1998);
Andrew Lambert (ed.), Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830–1915. Publications of the Navy Records Society, vol. 143 (Aldershot, Hants; Burlington, Vt: Published by Ashgate for the Navy Records Society, 2002).
J.K. Laughton, ‘The Scientific Study of Naval History’, Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, vol. XVIII (1874), pp. 508–27.
‘Alfred Stenzel’, in Hans H. Hildebrand and Ernst Henriot (eds), Deutschlands Admirale, 1849–1945 (Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1990), Band 3 P-Z, pp. 380–2;
Hermann Kirchhoff, ‘Einführung: Stenzels Leben and Werke’, in Alfred Stenzel, Kriegführung zur See: Lehre vom Seekriege, ed. Hermann Kirchoff (Hannover und Leipzig: Hansche Buchhandlung, 1913), pp. xiii-xxxi.
‘Als letzte and als höchste Ehrung Nelsons ist wohl anzusehen, daß man in der neuesten Zeit wiederum seine Bedeutung ganz besonders hervorgehoben und erkannt hat, man müsse den Nelsonchen Geist wieder aufleben lassen, ihn hegen und seine Ideen pflegen, um das Größte zu erreichen.’ Alfred Stenzel, Seekriegsgeschichte in ihren wichtigsten Abschnitten mit Berücksichtigung der Seetaktik (Hannover und Leipzig: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1911), p. 344.
Stephen B. Luce, ‘An Address Delivered at the United States Naval War College…, 1903’, reprinted in John D. Hayes and Hattendorf (eds), The Writings of Stephen B. Luce (Newport: Naval War College, 1975), pp. 39–40.
A.T. Mahan, From Sail to Steam; Recollections of a Naval Life (New York: Harper Brothers, 1907; reprinted: New York: Da Capo Press, 1968), p. 275.
A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (Boston: Little Brown, 1890).
A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, 2 vols (Boston: Little Brown, 1892).
Quoted in Hattendorf, B. Mitchell Simpson III, and John R. Wadleigh, Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial History of the Naval War College (Newport: Naval War College Press, 1984), p. 35.
Jon Tetsuro Sumida, Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command; The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan Reconsidered (Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore, MD, and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 34–5.
A.T. Mahan, Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain, 2 vols (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1897).
Sumida, Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command, pp. 36–9. See also, the comparison between Nelson and Farragut on this point in A.T. Mahan, Admiral Farragut (New York: Appleton, 1892), pp. 308–9.
A.T. Mahan, Types of Naval Officers Drawn from the History of the British Navy (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1902), pp. xiii-xiv.
See for example, Lieutenant Commander Leland P. Lovette, USN, Naval Customs, Traditions and Usage (Annapolis: US Naval Institute, 1939), p. 15.
A.T. Mahan, Eikoku Suishi Teitoku Neruson Den. Translated by Sadamasu Oshima for Kaigun Jioiku Honbu [The Educational Headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Navy] (Tokyo: Kaubunkan, 1906).
A.T. Mahan, Lord Nelson: Grundläggaren av Storbritanniens Herravälde över Haven. Bemyndigad översättning av D. [Axel Daniel] Landquist, Underlöjnant vid K. Flottan (Stockholm: Norstedt & Söners Förlag, 1913).
Julian S. Corbett, The Campaign of Trafalgar (London: Longmans, Green, 1910).
See Hattendorf, ‘The Caird Lecture: The Anglo-French Naval Wars (1689–1815) in Twentieth Century Naval Thought’, Journal of Maritime Research (June 2001) <www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk>.
Hildebrand and Henriot (eds), Deutschlands Admriale 1849–1945, band 2, H-O: Curt Freiherr von Maltzahn (1849–1930), pp. 425–6.
Curt Freiherr von Maltzahn, ‘Nelson und die Schlacht von Trafalgar’, Marine Rundschau (1906), pp. 259–73. See also, von Maltzahn, Der Seekrieg: Seine geschichtliche Entwicklung vom Zeitalter der Entdeckungen bis zur Gegenwart (Leipzig: Druck und Verlag von B. G. Teubner, 1906).
Joseph Conrad, ‘The Heroic Age’, in The Mirror of the Sea (New York: Harper Brothers, 1906), pp. 328–9.
Vice-Admiral Viscount Nagayo Ogasawara, Life of Admiral Togo (Tokyo: The Seito Press, 1934), p. 57;
Georges Blond, Admiral Togo (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1960), p. 48.
E. Stuart Kirby, ‘Heihachiro Togo: Japan’s Nelson, (1848–1934)’, in Jack Sweetman (ed.), The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1997), pp. 327–48.
David C. Evans and Mark R. Peattie, Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1997), pp. 135–41.
Satō Tetsutarō, Teikoku kokubōshi ron (two vols, originally published 1908, 1910, reprinted Tokyo: Hara shobo, 1979).
Satö refers to him throughout his work as ‘Co-ro-mu’; P.H. Colomb, Naval Warfare: Its Ruling Principles and Practice Historically Treated (Originally published, London, 1891; reprinted in The Classics of Sea Power series, with an Introduction by Barry M. Gough; Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990).
P.H. Colomb, Essays on Naval Defence (London, 1893; second edition, London, 1896).
Ishihara Todatoshi, Neruson to Naporeon (Tokyo: Keiseisha Publishers, 1911).
Lin Xiangguang, Na’erxun zhuan (Taipei: China Cultural Publications, 1961).
Eberhard v. Mantey, Seeschlachten-Atlas: Eine Einführung in die Lehre vom Seekriege (Berlin: E.G. Mittler & Sohn, 1928; Second edition, 1937).
Gaetono Bonifacio, Lezioni di Storia Navale (Livorno: Tipo-Litografia R. Academia Navale, 1930);
Emilio Francardi, Appunti di Storia Navale (Livorno: Poliigrafico dell’Accademia Navale, 1959);
Albero Santoni, DA Lepanto ad Hampton Road (Milano: Mursia, 1991);
Alberto Santoni, Storia e Politica navale dell’Età Moderna (Roma: Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, 1998). I am grateful to Dr Marco Gemignani of the Italian Naval Academy for providing me with photocopies of the Nelson-related materials from these publications.
Naval War College Archives. RG 28: President’s File: Laning. Letter from Admiral Mark Kerr to Laning, 22 January 1931. The original typescript is in the Naval Historical Subjects file, Naval Historical Collection, Naval War College. For Laning’s career, see Harris Laning, An Admiral’s Yam, edited with an introduction by Mark Russell Shulman (Newport: Naval War College Press, 1999).
Mark Kerr, The Sailor’s Nelson (London: Hurst & Blackett, Ltd, [1932], p. 9). I have not yet found any evidence that Laning actually did circulate copies of the typescript to the US fleet, although the published book seems to have found its way into key US naval library collections ashore: Navy Department Library in Washington, Naval Academy Library in Annapolis, and two copies at the Naval War College Library in Newport, Rhode Island.
US Naval War College. Edward C. Kalbfus, A Review of the Naval History of the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols reproduced for local use in typescript (Newport: Naval War College Department of Intelligence, 1929).
S.S. Robison, A History of Naval Tactics from 1530 to 1930; the evolution of tactical maxims (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1942).
E.B. Potter, and C.W. Nimitz (eds), Sea Power: A Naval History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960).
With numerous factual historical errors, the best direct corrective was a revised edition published in German by Jürgen Rohwer, Seemacht: Ein Seekriegsgeschichte von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (München: Bernard & Graefe, 1974).
Robert W. Herrick, Soviet Naval Theory and Policy: Gorshkov’s Inheritance (Newport: Naval War College Press, 1988), pp. 12–13, 202–3, 206–7.
Ibid., p. 188, and also 225, 270; Julian S. Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, edited with an introduction by Eric Grove, Classics of Sea Power series (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1988), pp. 223–4. Corbett’s comments are based on Nelson’s letter to the Duke of Clarence, 19 August 1796. Nicolas (ed.), Letters, vol. III, p. 246.
Translated and published with western commentary in Sergei G. Gorshkov, Red Star Rising at Sea (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1974; reprinted 1978). See pp. 7–8 for comments on Nelson.
Sergei G. Gorshkov, The Sea Power of the State (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1980), p. 65.
G.J. Montenegro, ‘Nelson’s Figure in the Argentine Navy’, unpublished paper, 2004.
Eloy S. Soneyra, Ideas Estratégicas del Almirante Nelson — Trafalgar (Buenos Aires: Escuela de Guerra Navale, 1940).
Felipe Bosch, Guillermo Brown: Biografia de un Almirante (Buenos Aires: Alborada, 1966), p. 18.
Thomas Alexander Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, The Autobiography of a Seaman (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1890), p. 35.
Captain Juan José Fernández Parés, Hombres de Mar, un estilo de vida (Montevideo: Liga Marítima Uruguaya, 1990).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2005 John B. Hattendorf
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hattendorf, J.B. (2005). Nelson Afloat: A Hero Among the World’s Navies. In: Cannadine, D. (eds) Admiral Lord Nelson. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230508705_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230508705_9
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-51945-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-50870-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)