Abstract
Having made the decision to ‘fly from their native country as from a place infected with the plague’, and having either resisted the temptation to return to England after the disasters of the second Civil War and Worcester or having no alternative but to stay abroad, those Cavaliers who remained in exile were confronted with two closely connected problems. They had to decide both where to live and how to live until their fortunes, or the fortunes of the royal cause, improved. The exiles’ movements — the reasons why they chose to settle in particular towns or regions, or decided to move from one place to another, or even in some cases declined to stay put anywhere but engaged instead in restless wandering — were determined by a number of important considerations. They had to take into account the possibility of obtaining a place either in the reduced court of Charles II, or in the household of one of the other members of the Stuart family. They also had to assess the importance of proximity to England and the ability to communicate with the family or friends, preferably ones with money, they had left behind. The comparative cost of living and the attitude of potential creditors, in particular landlords, in different towns and regions had also to be considered.
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Mirth makes them not mad, Nor sobriety sad; But of that they are seldom in danger; At Paris, at Rome, At the Hague, they’re at home; The good fellow is nowhere a stranger.
(Sir John Denham, from On Mr Thomas Killigrew’s return from Venice)1
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Notes
The Poetical Works of Edmund Waller and Sir John Denham, ed. G. Gilfillan, (Edinburgh, 1857), p. 247.
From a government newspaper, December 1651, quoted in E. Scott, The King in Exile, p. 438.
BL. Egerton MS 2534, fols. 117, 119, 127; C1SP, iii, 65; NP, i, 156, 277, 283, 285.
Bod. L. Clarendon MS 49, f. 107; C1SP, iii, 59, 67, 82–4; Warburton, Memoirs, iii, 418–20.
For Hyde’s relationship with Berkeley and Culpepper see Oilard, Clarendon and His Friends, pp. 85–6, 128–9, 151–2, 200–1. For Church see The LetterBook ofJohn Viscount Mordaunt 1658–1660, ed. Mary Coate, Camden Society, (London, 1945), p. 36; CSPD, 1660–1661, p. 254.
CC1SP, i, 445 (list of Duke of York’s household in November 1648); Clarendon, Rebellion, xiii, 122; John Miller, James II: a Study in Kingship, (London, 1978), pp. 10–20.
NP, iii, 4; TSP, ii, 312; The Memoirs of James II: his Campaigns as Duke of York 1652–1660, ed. A. Lytton Sells, (London, 1962), pp. 57–8; H. Hartmann, The King’s Friend: a Life of Charles Berkeley, Viscount Fitzhardinge, Earl of Falmouth, (London, 1951), pp. 5–20; Miller, James II, pp. 13–17. For Werden see Newman, Royalist Officers, p. 405.
CSPD 1657–1658, p. 201; Archeologia, xxxv, 344; Scott, Travels of the King, pp. 273–4. For Cotterell see HMC, 2nd Report, (Cotterell MSS), pp. 82–3; DNB; Malcolm Rogers, William Dobson 1611–46, (National Portrait Gallery, London), 1984, pp. 72–3, 88.
Margaret Newcastle, Life, p. 86; TSP, i, 80; CSPD 1649–1650, p. 39. For Widdrington see Newman, Royalist Officers, p. 411.
HMC, 10th Report, Appendix, Pt. II, (Portland MSS), iii, (1894), 150. For Jennings and Sandys see Newman, Royalist Officers, pp. 210, 329.
Carte, Letters and Papers, i, 148, 152, 154, 155, 157–9; CISP, iii, 80.
HMC, Report 55, (Harford MSS), ii, 350; C1SP, iii, 81; NP, iii, 91; Bod. L. Clarendon MS 59, fols. 56–7.
BL. Harley MS 943, fols. 1, 16, 21–3, 34, 37–40, 60–2, 71; Harley MS 1278, (Symonds’s notes on public buildings and churches in Paris); Symonds, Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army.
Bod. L. Clarendon MS 47, f. 187; BL. Egerton MS 2542, f. 6; C1SP, iii, 288 (list of royalists to be expelled under terms of the treaty).
C1SP, iii, 112–13, 164, 191; TSP, i, 312; ii, 312; v, 145, vi, 325–6; NP, iii, 91; CSPD 1657–1658, p. 232; T. H. Lister, Life and Administration of Edward, First Earl of Clarendon, 3 vols., (London, 1837–8), ii, 379–84; iii, 63, 69–93.
NP, iii, 166, 170; Diary or John Evelyn, ed. E. S. de Beer, (Oxford, 1955), 6 vols., iii, 55. For Lloyd [Floyd] see Newman, Royalist Officers, p. 138.
Loftis, Halkett and Fanshawe Memoirs, p. 118. For Carteret see Balleine, All for the King.
Bod. L. Carte MS 29, passim (frequent letters from Ormonde in Caen 1650–1); NP, i, 276; Carte, Letters and Papers, i, 20–1; Clarendon, Rebellion, xi, 23; Basire Correspondence, pp. 49, 76; Edgar, Hopton, p. 189.
Thomas Carte, Life of James, Duke of Ormond, 6 vols., (Oxford, 18510), vi, 606; PRO. SP Foreign (France) 78/114/fols. 5, 102, 110, 137. For Digby and Hunt see Newman, Royalist Officers, pp. 109, 206.
Stoye, English Travellers Abroad pp. 291–2; Memoirs of the Verney Family, ed. Frances Verney, 3 vols., (London, 1970), ii, 391–2.
BL. Add. MS 15858, fols. 11, 13, 14, 17 (Browne’s correspondence with Hanmer); Verney Memoirs, ii, 391–3, 411; iii, 4–5, 16–21; Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, pp. 291–2.
BL. Add. MS 15858, f. 11; Verney Memoirs, iii, 5, 16–7; Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, pp. 43–4, 290.
BL. Add MS 15858, f. 135; CCC, i, 541–2; TSP, iv, 294, 319; Verney Memoirs, ii, 414; iii, 40–9.
PRO. SP 18/9/25; CC1SP, i, 444, 446; ii, 61–2; NP, i, 268–8, 284; Edgar, Hopton, pp. 187–98.
TSP, ii, 373. See also Ibid, iii, 429, 457; iv, 10; CC1SP, iii, 13–14.
For Boswell, Brett, Mackworth, Morton and Sayers see Newman, Royalist Officers, pp. 38, 41–2, 243, 265, 333.
CSPD 1648–1649, pp. 157, 320; 1650, p. 265; 1651–1652, p. 488; CC1SP, iii, 22; NP, iii, 211–2, 224; TSP, ii, 373.
TSP, (Lambeth MSS), i, 671–3. There were several Cavalier Cromwells, the discendants of Sir Oliver Cromwell of Hinchinbrooke. A Colonel John Cromwell, who was in Utrecht in 1655, is perhaps the most likely companion for Grandison in their meeting with Elizabeth of Bohemia. CSPD 1655, p. 598.
Bod. L. Clarendon MS 58, fols. 374–5; MS 59, fols. 75, 175, 436; C1SP, iii, 198; TSP, iv, 169, 700, 709; v, 160, 169, 178, vii, 428, 444; CC1SP, ii, 336; iv, 223; Lister, Life of Clarendon, i, 392; A. E. Green, Lives of the Princesses of England, 6 vols., (London, 1854), vi, 188, 203, 210, 234–7, 242, 276.
BL. Add MS 4180, f. 104; NP, i, 203; CSPD 1655–1656, p. 159.
HMC, Bath MSS, ii, 79–80; Gervase Holles, Memorials of the Holles Family 1493–1656, Camden Society, (London, 1937); pp. viii-ix; Newman, Royalist Officers, p. 193.
Holles Memorials, pp. 84, 87; HMC, Bath MSS, ii, 103–11, 113.
For the Newcastles in Antwerp see below Chapter 7. For Langdale see BL. Egerton MS 1535, f. 611; TSP, ii, 373.
CSP Venetian 1655–1656, p. 201.
NP, i, 123–5, 182–5; HMC, Bath MSS, ii, 84–8; HMC, Hodgkin MSS, pp. 120–1; Clarendon, Rebellion, v, 212, 214; viii, 96.
Loftis, Halkett and Fanshawe Memoirs, pp. 128–30; HMC, Bath MSS, ii, 89; Violet Barbour, Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, (Washington, 1914), pp. 31–45.
Clarendon, Rebellion, ix, 100–2; xiii, 29–30; Loftis, Halkett and Fanshawe Memoirs, p. 130.
Ibid, pp. 129–30. For Clarendon’s account of Ascham’s murder see Rebellion, xiii, 9–11, and Lister, Life of Clarendon, iii, 56–9, (Hyde and Cottington to Robert Long, 7 June 1650).
Clarendon, Rebellion, xiii, 11; Lister, Life of Clarendon, i, 352–3; iii, 56–8; TSP, i, 149–51, 204; Archeologia, xxxv, 341.
BL. Egerton MS 2542, f. 138; TSP, i, 151, 204; CCISP, ii, 220, iii, 16; NP, iii, 158–9 (interrogation of Henry Manning); Warburton, Memoirs, i, 429; Lister, Life of Clarendon, iii, 56–8. For James Halsall see Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy, pp. 65, 115, 118, 132–3, 170–3.
TSP, iv, 122; CSPD 1655, p. 390; CCISP, iii, 29, 65.
TSP, i, 149–51; iii, 458, 532; Lister, Life of Clarendon, i, 352–3; iii, 56–8. Newman, in Royalist Officers,jicers, pp. 413–4, lists several officers named Williams, but none can be identified confidently with Ascham’s murderer.
Chaney, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion, passim; Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, pp. 118, 134, 136.
CCC, iv, 2461–4; Chaney, Grand Tour and Great Rebellion, pp. 303–4; DNB.
BL. Egerton MS 1635, passim; Add. MS 1719, passim.
Uerney Memoirs, iii, 40–9; BL, Add. MS 24121, fols. 353, 355, 456; CCISP, iii, 119; Hardacre, ‘Royalists in Exile’, pp. 353–70. See also entries in DNB for Crashaw, Digby, Sherburne and Wyche.
NP, i, 296; C1SP, iii, 65; Newman, Royalist Officers,fcers, p. 199.
BL. Add MS 20032 (Killigrew Papers), fols. 3, 4, 26; CSP Venetian 1647–1652, xxviii, 189, 196–8, 215–6, 247–50; CCISP, ii, 143.
Poetical Works of Waller and Denham. From Denham’s ‘On Mr Thomas Killigrew’s Return from Venice’, p. 246. CSP Venetian 1647–1652, xxviii, 250, 254, 254, 262, 268.
CSPD 1650, pp. 159, 517; 1651, 203, 527; CCC, ii, 1192; iii, 1831. For Mayney and Stamford see Newman, Royalist Officers,j’icers, pp. 250–1, 354.
CCC, v. 3, 1652, 1654–5; v. 96, 453; v. 152, 513; CCISP, ii, 259, 296; CSPD 1650, pp. 57, 89, 152–6; 1660–1661, p. 564; 1661–1662, p. 54; Newman, Royalist Officers,jicers, p. 214.
HMC, Report 13, Appendix 1, p. 614; HMC, Report 55, ii, 355; TSP, vi, 331, 356; CC1SP, iv, 430, 449, 451; Newman, Royalist Officers, pp. 156–7; Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy, p. 276.
CC1SP, iii, 10; CSPD 1625–1649, pp. 629–30; Warburton, Memoirs, ii, 392; Newman, Royalist Officers, pp. 186, 215; DNB, (for King).
BL. Add. MS 1892, fols. 122, 128; Add. MS 4158, f. 206; TSP, vi, 151, 672, 743, 816; vii, 628; Newman, Royalist Officers, pp. 388–9.
For Culpepper’s mission to Moscow and Crofts’s to Poland see CCISP, ii, 71, 124; NP, i, 182–5; Poetical Works of Waller and Denham, pp. 203, 244–6, (Denham’s account of his ‘journey into Poland’ with Crofts); Clarendon, Rebellion, xv, 131.
For Killigrew’s travels see BL. Add. MS 20032; TSP, ii, 602; vii, 27; CCISP, ii, 143; Chaney, Grand Tour and Great Rebellion, pp. 280–1; DNB.
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© 2003 Geoffrey Smith
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Smith, G. (2003). Travels and Retreats. In: The Cavaliers in Exile 1640–1660. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230505476_7
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