Abstract
If we examine the ideal types summarized in Chapter 2, the USA case stands out. It encompasses all four components in varying degrees. The regulatory regime used more openly in the USA than other countries surveyed in this book is a rational risk policy on strict economic grounds. This, highlighted by the OMB’s active involvement in regulatory policy-making in the USA, was an approach first made popular in the Nixon and Ford administrations. Cost-benefit analysis, cost-life analysis, and so on are therefore frequently invoked in the policy-making process. The USA also has a technocratic/expert element branch in regulation. An example of this is the EPA’s Science Advisory Board, which is frequently asked to comment on proposed regulations.1 The US regulatory system also has a well-advanced deliberative component. Initially enshrined in legislation (e.g., the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970) which actively encourages public and interest group participation in the policy-making process, it has more recently embraced negotiated rule-making, made law in the 1990 Negotiated Rulemaking Act.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes and References
S. Jasanoff, The Fifth Branch: Science Advisers as Policymakers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).
Sheila Jasanoff, Science at the Bar (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995);
Robert A. Kagan, ‘What makes Uncle Sam sue?’, Law and Society Review, 21 (1988), 734-;
Robert A. Kagan, ‘Adversarial legalism and American government’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 10 (1991), 369–406.
Robert A. Kagan, ‘How much does national styles of law matter?’, in R.A. Kagan and L. Axelrad (eds), Regulatory Encounters: Multinational Corporations and American Adversarial Legalism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000), 3.
Sheila Jasanoff, ‘American exceptionalism and the political acknowledgement of risk’, Daedalus, Vol.11 (1991), 61–81.
D. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Random House, 1969), 249.
Steven Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden: A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981).
P. MacAvoy, The regulated industries and the economy (New York: Norton, 1979);
P.J. Quirk, Industry Influence in Federal Regulatory Agencies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981).
Christopher Coker, Twilight of the West (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998).
M. Bernstein, Regulating Industry by Independent Commission (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955);
G. Kolko, Railroads and Regulation 1877–1916 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965);
R. Noll, Reforming Regulation (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1971).
David Vogel, National Styles of Regulafion: Environmental Policy in Great Britain and the United States (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986), 25–251.
Lennart J. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policies in the United States and Sweden (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 1980).
Marc K. Landy, Marc J. Roberts and Stephen R. Thomas, The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994);
for an insider’s discussion regarding this period of environmental regulation see William D. Ruckelshaus. Thomas, The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994);
for an insider’s discussion regarding this period of environmental regulation see William D. Ruckelshaus, ‘Environmental protection: a brief history of the environmental movement in America and the implications abroad’, Environmental Law, 15 (1985), 455–69.
John Quarels, Cleaning Up America: An Insider’s View of the Environmental Protection Agency (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 36. Quote taken from Landy, Roberts and Thomas, The Environmental Protection Agency, p. 36.
Quirk, Industry Influence in Federal Regulatory Agencies; P. Sabatier, ‘Social movements and regulatory agencies: toward a more adequate — and less pessimistic — theory of clientele capture’, Policy Sciences, 6:3 (1975), 301–42.
J.Q. Wilson, The Politics of Regulation (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
C. Coglianese, ‘Assessing consensus: the promise and performance of negotiated rulemaking’, Duke Law Journal, 46 (1997), 1,256.
Richard B. Stewart, ‘The reformation of American administrative law’, Harvard Law Review, 88 (1975), 1,667-.
Richard H. Pildes and Cass R. Sunstein, ‘Reinventing the regulatory state’, The University of Chicago Law Review, 62 (1995), 1–129.
J.Q. Wilson, Political Organizations (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
B. Clinton and A. Gore, Reinventing Environmental Regulation (Washington, DC: Council on Environmental Quality, 1995).
J. Nash and J. Ehrenfeld, ‘Codes of environmental management practice: assessing their potential as a tool for change’, Annual Review of Energy and Environment, 22 (1997), 487–535.
S. Georg, ‘Regulating the environment: changing from constraint to gentle coercion’, Business Strategy and the Environment, 3:2 (1994), 11–20.
D. Beardsley, T. Davies and R. Hersh, ‘Improving environmental management’, Environment, 39:7 (1997), 6–9, 28–35.
C.W. Powers and M.R. Chertow, ‘Industrial ecology: Overcoming policy fragmentation’, in M.R. Chertow and D.C. Esty (eds), Thinking Ecologically: The Next Generation of Environmental Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).
J. Freeman, ‘Collaborative governance in the administrative state’, UCLA Law Review, 45:1 (1997), 1–98;
J. Freeman and L.I. Langbein, ‘Regulatory negotiation and the legitimacy of benefit’, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 9 (2000), 60–151.
L.E. Susskind and J. Secunda, ‘The risks and advantages of agency discretion: evidence from EPA’s project XL’, UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 17:1 (1999), 67–116.
C.H. Koch Jr and B. Martin, ‘FTC rulemaking through negotiation’, North Carolina Law Review, 61 (1983), 275-;
H.H. Perritt Jr, ‘Administrative alternative dispute resolution: the development of negotiated rulemaking and other processes’, Pepperdine Law Review, 14 (1987), 863-.
J.T. Dunlop, ‘The negotiations alternative in dispute resolution’, Villenova Law Review, 29 (1983), 1,429-;
W. Funk, ‘Bargaining toward the new millennium’, Duke Law Journal, 46 (1997), 1,351–88.
P. Harter, ‘Negotiating regulations: a cure for malaise’, Georgetown Law Journal, 71:1 (1982), 1–118.
L. Susskind and G. McMahon, ‘The theory and practice of negotiated rulemaking’, Yale Journal of Regulation, 3 (1995), 133–65.
Office of the Vice President, Accompanying Report of the National Performance Review: Improving Regulatory Systems (Washington, DC: White House: Office of the President, 1993).
Office of the President, Executive Order 12,866; quotation taken from P. Harter, ‘Assessing the assessors: the actual performance of negotiated rulemaking’, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 9:1 (2000), 36.
Freeman and Langbein, ‘Regulatory negotiation and the legitimacy of benefit’; L.I. Langbein and C.M. Kerwin, ‘Regulatory negotiation versus conventional rule making: claims, counterclaims and empirical evidence’, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10:3 (2000), 599–632.
H. Kunreuther, K. Fitzgerald and T.D. Aarts, ‘Siting noxious facilities: a test of the siting credo’, Risk Analysis, 13 (1993), 301–18;
E. Ostrom, ‘A behavioral approach to the rational theory of collective action’, American Political Science Review, 92:1 (1998), 1–22.
Environmental Protection Agency (US), Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation of the Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment of EPA’s Negotiated Rulemaking Activities (Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, 1987).
S. Rose-Ackerman, ‘American administrative law under siege: is Germany a model?’, Harvard Law Review, 107 (1994), 1,279-.
C. Coglianese, ‘The limits of consensus: the environmental protection system in transition: toward a more desirable future’, Environment, 41:3 (1999), 1–6.
E. Siegler, ‘Regulatory negotiations and other rulemaking processes: strengths and weaknesses from an industry viewpoint’, Duke Law Journal, 46 (1997), 1,429–43.
S. Rose-Ackerman, ‘Consensus versus incentives: a skeptical look at regulatory negotiation’, Duke Law Journal, 43 (1994), 1,206–20.
C.C. Caldart and N.A. Ashford, ‘Negotiation as a means of developing and implementing environmental and occupational health and safety policy’, Harvard Environmental Law Review, 23 (1999), 141–202.
P. Harter, ‘Fear of commitment: an affliction of adolescents’, Duke Law Journal, 46 (1997), 1,389–424.
C. Coglianese, ‘Assessing the advocacy of negotiated rulemaking: a response to Philip Harter’, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 9:2 (2001), 386–447.
Federal Energy Power Act of 1992 (Supplement V, 1994), Non Federal Power Act, Hydropower Provisions (Washington, DC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission).
Kleinschmidt Associates, Draft Environmental Assessment for Hydropower License (Pittfield, Maine: Kleinschmidt Associates, 1997).
Ibid; Kleinschmidt Associates, Otis Hydroelectric Company. Otis Hydroelectric Project. Application for New License for Major Project Existing Dam (Pittfield, Maine: Kleinschmidt Associates, 1997);
Kleinschmidt Associates, International Paper Company. Riley-Jay-Livermore Project: Application for New License for Major Project Existing Dam (Pittfield, Maine: Kleinschmidt Associates, 1997).
Harter, ‘Negotiating regulations’; P. Harter, ‘The political legitimacy and judicial review of consensual rules’, American University Law Review, 32 (1983), 471–96.
Copyright information
© 2005 Ragnar E. Löfstedt
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Löfstedt, R.E. (2005). Risk Management in the United States: The Case of International Paper’s Hydro-Dam Re-Licensing Procedure. In: Risk Management in Post-Trust Societies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230503946_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230503946_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-52594-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-50394-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)