Abstract
The ambiguity inherent in the pose of radical wife- and motherhood adopted by female Chartists was reflected in and reinforced by the various forms assumed by women’s involvement in the movement.
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Notes
For Watson, see W. J. Linton, A Memoir of James Watson (Manchester, 1880).
B. Wilson, ‘The Struggles of an Old Chartist’, in D. Vincent, Testaments of Radicalism: Memoirs of Working Class Politicians, 1790–1885 (1977) pp. 195–7.
W. E. Adams, Memoirs of a Social Atom (1903) pp. 163–4.
The Republican, vol. 5, p. 603, quoted in E. and R. Frow, ‘Women in the Early Radical and Labour Movement’, Marxism Today, XII (1968) p. 108.
G. T. Wilkinson, The Cato-Street Conspiracy (1820) pp. 73–74;
E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, 3rd edn (Harmondsworth, 1972) p. 775.
S. Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical (repr. Oxford, 1984) pp. 161ff.
D. Read and E. Glasgow, Feargus O’Connor, Irishman and Chartist (1961) p. 142 just mention ‘several’, one of whom, Edward O’Connor Terry, was born in London to a painter’s wife and later became an actor, see entry in Chambers’s Biographical Dictionary.
W. H. G. Armytage, ‘The Chartist Land Colonies, 1846–1848’, Agricultural History, XXXII (1958) p. 96, referring to information he received from a local, reports two sons born to a local girl at O’Connorville.
Letter from Thomas Cooper to Susanna 21 October 1879, quoted in R. J. Conklin, Thomas Cooper the Chartist, 1805–1892 (Manila, 1935) p. 448.
W. Dorling, Henry Vincent: A Biographical Sketch (1879) p. 30.
For Harney, see F. G. and R. M. Black, The Harney Papers (Assen, 1969);
T. Cooper, The Life of Thomas Cooper, Written by Himself (repr. Leicester, 1971) pp. 93–4.
R. G. Gammage, History of the Chartist Movement, 1837–1854 (repr. 1976) p. 78.
A. J. Peacock, Bradford Chartism, 1838–40 (York, 1969) p. 52.
See entry on Samuel Holberry in J. Saville and J. Bellamy, Dictionary of Labour Biography, vols 1–7 (1970–82).
J. L. Baxter, ‘The Origins of the Social War in South Yorkshire: A Study of Capitalist Evolution and Labour Class Realization in One Industrial Region, c. 1750–1855’, Ph.D. Sheffield (1976) p. 681.
J. Epstein, The Lion of Freedom: Feargus O’Connor and the Chartist Movement, 1832–1842 (1982) p. 232.
For Charles Neesom, see The National Reformer, 20 July 1861, p. 6; E. H. Haraszti, Chartism (Budapest, 1978) p. 92;
D. Thompson, The Chartists (1984) p. 192. For Elizabeth Neesom, see The Operative, 14 April 1839, p. 92; The Charter, 13 October 1839, p. 608; The Northern Star, 30 January 1841, p. 1.
The Northern Star, 1 May 1841, p. 8; for Ernest Jones, see F. Leary, The Life of Ernest Jones (1887);
for O’Brien, see A. Plummer, Bronterre: A Political Biography of Bronterre O’Brien, 1804–1864 (1971).
For Cooper, see R. J. Conklin, Thomas Cooper the Chartist, 1805–1892 (Manila, 1935) p. 445.
T. Cooper, The Purgatory of Suicides. A Prison-Rhyme (1851) p. 251.
J. McCabe, George Jacob Holyoake (1922) p. 20.
Cf. W. Lovett, The Life and Struggles of William Lovett (1876) pp. 3–4.
Cf. W. Lovett, Woman’s Mission (1856). The poem had been written in 1842.
For a discussion of the mode in which private matters were dealt with in these autobiographies, see D. Vincent, ‘Love and Death and the Nineteenth-century Working Class’, Social History, V (1980) pp. 42–3.
W. Lovett, Social and Political Morality (1853) pp. 84–5.
W. Lovett and J. Collins, Chartism: A New Organisation of the People (1840, repr. Leicester, 1969) p. 68.
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© 1991 Jutta Schwarzkopf
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Schwarzkopf, J. (1991). Chartist Women in the Family. In: Women in the Chartist Movement. Studies in Gender History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230379619_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230379619_6
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