Abstract
Ulrick Beck is, first and foremost, referring to threats to the environment. The focus of this chapter is the ‘bads’ of the social infrastructure captured in the concepts of underclass and social exclusion. Along with the ecological challenge these social ‘bads’ form unavoidable points of reference for social sciences dealing with present forms of social integration and differentiation.
Social conflicts in the classical industrial society were conflicts over ‘goods’ (income, social security etc.). The conflicts in risk society are mainly conflicts over ‘bads’. (Beck 1994: 6)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andersen, J. and Da Costa, A.B. et al. 1994. Contribution of Poverty 3 to Understanding of Poverty, Exclusion and Integration. European Commission, Brussels and E.E.I.G., Lille.
Andersen, J. and Larsen, J.E. 1998. ‘Gender, Poverty and Empowerment’, in Critical Social Policy Volume 18(2). Issue 55. London: Sage.
Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society. London: Sage.
Beck, U., Giddens, A. and Lash, Scott. 1994. Reflexive Modernization. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bell, D. 1973. The Coming of Post-industrial Society. New York: Basic Books.
Bourdieu, P. 1987. ‘What Makes a Social Class?’ Berkeley Journal of Sociology, vol. 22: 1–18.
Blakely, J.E and Snyder, M.G. 1997. Fortress America. Gated Communities in the United States. Lincoln, NE: Brookings.
Bravermann, H. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capital. New York and London: Monthly Review Press.
Carlsen. S. and Larsen, J.E. (eds) 1993. The Equality Dilemma — Reconciling Working Life and Family Life. Munksgaard.
Clark, T. and Lipset, S. 1991. ‘Are Social Classes Dying?’ International Sociology, vol, 6, no. 4: 397–410.
Commission of the European Community 1993. European Social Policy. Options for the Union. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Community.
Cromton, R. 1993. Class and Stratification. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dahrendorf, R. 1959. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Dahrendorf, R. 1988. The Modern Social Conflict. An Essay on the Politics of Liberty. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Davis, Kingsley and Wilbert E. Moore 1945. ‘Some Principles of Stratification’, American Sociological Review, vol. 10.
Dean, H. 1991. Social Security and Social Control. London: Routledge.
Dean, H. and Taylor-Gooby, P. 1992. Dependency Culture. The Explosion of a Myth. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Esping-Andersen, G. 1995. Welfare States in Transitions. London: Sage.
Gans, H.J. 1973. ‘The Positive Functions of Poverty’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 78, no. 2.
Giddens, A. 1973. The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. London: Hutchinson.
Giddens, A. 1994. Beyond Left and Right. The Future of Radical Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gregson, N and Lowe, M. 1995. ‘Too Much Work? Class, Gender and the Reconstitution of Middle-class Domestic Labour’. In T. Butler and M. Savage, Social Change and the Middle Classes, London: UCL Press.
Hochscild, A.R. 1997. The Time Bind. When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt & Company.
Hoerning, K., Gerhard, A. and Michailow, M. 1995. Time Pioneers. Flexible Working Time and New Lifestyles. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Jessop, B. 1994. ‘The Transition to post-Fordism and the Schumpetarian Workfare State’, in R. Burrows and B. Lauder (eds), Towards a Post-Fordist Welfare State. London: Routledge.
Jessop, B. 1998. ‘Globalization, Entrepreneurial Cities and the Social Economy’, in P. Hamel, R. Lustiger-Thaler and M. Mayer (eds) Urban Movements in a Global Environment. Urban Studies Yearbook. London: Sage.
Jordan, B. 1996. A Theory of Poverty and Social Exclusion. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Karl, M. 1995. Women and Empowerment. Participation and Decision Making. London: Zed Books.
Katz, M.B. 1989. The Undeserving Poor. From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare. New York: Pantheon Books.
Kerr, C. et al. 1960. Industrialism and Industrial Man. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Lind, J. and Moeller, I.H. 1995. Unemployment or Basic Income — Is there a Middle Road. CID-studies no. 9. Copenhagen Business School.
Larsen, J.E. and Andersen, J. 1995. ‘The Underclass Debate — a Spreading Disease?’ in N. Mortensen (ed.) Social Integration and Marginalisation. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
Levitas, R. 1996. ‘The Concept of Social Exclusion and the New Durkheimian Hegemony’, Critical Social Policy, vol. 16, no. 46.
Lister, R. 1990. The Exclusive Society. Citizenship and the Poor. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
Lockwood, D. 1964. ‘Social Integration and System Integration’, in G.K. Zollschan and W. Hirch (eds) Exploring Social Change. New York: Routledge.
March, J. and Olsen, J.P. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions. New York: Free Press.
Friedmann, J. 1995. Empowerment. The Politics of Alternative Development. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mead, L.M. 1986. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. New York: The Free Press.
Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. London. Oxford University Press.
Mortensen, N. 1995. ‘Mapping System Integration and Social Integration’, in N. Mortensen, (ed.) Social Integration and Marginalisation. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
Mouzelis, N. 1991. Back to Sociological Theory. London: Macmillan.
Moulaert, F., Delladetsima, P. and Leontidou, L. 1994. Local Development Strategies in Economically Disintegrated Areas: A Pro-Active Strategy Against Poverty in the European Community. Final Report (June). Lille: University of Lille.
Murray, C. 1984. Losing Ground. American Social Policy 1950–1980. New York: Basic Books.
Nisbet, R. 1959. ‘The Decline and Fall of Social Class’, Pacific Sociological Review, vol. 2 no. 1: 11–28.
Olofsson, Gunnar 1995. ‘Embeddedness and Integration: An Essay on Karl Polanyi’s “The Great Transformation”’, in N. Mortense (ed.) Social Integration and Marginalisation. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
Pakulski, J. and Waters, M. 1996. The Death of Class. London: Sage.
Parkin, F. 1994. ‘Marxism and Class Theory: a Bourgeois Critique’ in D. Grusky, Social Stratification, Class, Race and Gender. Boulder: Westview Press.
Schmidt, H. 1998. Life Time Policy Instruments. Department of Social Sciences. Roskilde University, Denmark.
Silver, H. 1994. ‘Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms’, International Labour Review, vol. 133, no. 5–6.
Silver, H. 1996. ‘Culture, Politics and National Discourses of the New Urban Poverty’, in Enzo Mingione (ed.) Urban Poverty and the Underclass. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stedman-Jones, G. 1971. Outcast London. Oxford: Claredon Press.
Taylor-Gooby, P. 1994. ‘Postmodernism and Social Policy: A Great Leap Backwards?’ in Journal of Social Policy, vol. 23, no. 3.
Titmuss, R. 1974. Social Policy. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Tumin, M. 1953/1994. ‘Some Principles of Stratification: A Critical Analysis’, in D. Grusky, Social Stratification, Class, Race and Gender. Boulder: Westview Press.
Wacquant, L.J.D. 1993. ‘On the Tracks of Symbolic Power: Prefatory Notes to Bourdieu’s “State Nobility”’. Theory, Culture and Society, vol. 10: 1–17.
Weber, M. 1968. ‘Open and Closed Relationships’, in G. Roth and C. Wittich (eds), Economy and Society. New York: Bedminster Press.
Westergaard, J. 1995. Who Gets What? Cambridge: Polity Press.
Westergaard, J. 1996. ‘Class in Britain since 1979: Facts, Theories and Ideologies’, in David J. Lee and Bryan S. Turner: Conflicts about Class. London: Longman.
Wilson, W.J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Wilson, W.J. 1994. ‘Citizenship and the Inner-city Ghetto Poor’, in B. van Steenbergen (ed.), The Condition of Citizenship. London: Sage.
Wright, E.O. 1979. Class Structure and Income Determination. New York: Academic Press.
Wright, E.O. 1985. Classes. London: Verso.
Wright, E.O. 1997. Class Counts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1999 John Andersen
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Andersen, J. (1999). Social and System Integration and the Underclass. In: Gough, I., Olofsson, G. (eds) Capitalism and Social Cohesion. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230379138_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230379138_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-40471-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-37913-8
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)