Abstract
Although important difficulties remained to be resolved, by 1951 the main lines of the defence relationship between Nationalist South Africa and the leading European colonial power, Britain, were becoming clear. In return for guarantees over the use of Simonstown, assistance in the defence of the Middle East, and a friendly attitude to Britain’s general interests in the Union, London was inclining towards the supply of scarce defence equipment and the surrender of sovereignty over the naval base. It was also prepared to meet the Union half-way in its desire for formal membership of the Western security system, which in any case Britain recognised would have the advantage of providing the cloak of multi-lateralism needed by the Malan government to deflect attacks on the Middle East commitment from its rank-and-file supporters.
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Notes and References
For a detailed account of this, see J. Kent, ‘Anglo-French Colonial Cooperation, 1939–49’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 17, no. 1, Oct. 1988.
Michael Crowder, Colonial West Africa: Collected Essays (London: Cass, 1978), pp. 287, 294.
Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (London: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 657, 670.
John M. W. Chipman, ‘France as an African Power’, D. Phil. thesis, Balliol College, Oxford, 1988, pp. 5–6.
Maureen Covell, Madagascar: Politics, Economics and Society (London and New York: Pinter, 1987), p. 24.
Covell, Madagascar, p. 26; and Jean-Pierre Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 1944–1958, trsl. by Godfrey Rogers (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 116–17.
Jean van der Poel (ed.), Selections from the Smuts Papers, vol. VII, August 1915–October 1950 (Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 38.
J. Fremigacci and L. Rabearimanana, ‘Madagascar, colonie française, et l’Afrique du Sud: Du mythe au miroir’, in Daniel C. Bach (ed.), La France et l’Afrique du Sud (Paris: Karthala, 1990), esp. pp. 162–9. See also PRO, British Embassy (Paris) to FO, 10 July 1947, FO371/67722A, together with papers in FO371/67720, and 67721.
PRO, ‘Defence in the Area of the Indian Ocean’, handed to FO on 15 June 1949, FO371/73731.
PRO, Colville to Lockhart, 28 Sept. 1951, FO371/90065.
PRO, African Defence Facilities Conference. Nairobi, August 1951. Report. FO371/90065.
PRO, Lockhart to Allen, 30 Aug. 1951, FO371/90065.
PRO, Ronald to Allen (FO), 22 Jan. 1952, FO371/96672; and Lockhart to Colville, 31 Oct. 1951, FO371/90065.
PRO, Colville to Lockhart, 28 Sept. 1951, FO371/90065.
PRO, Ronald to Allen, 22 Jan. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Hayman (MoD) to Lockhart, 6 Feb. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Allen to Ronald, 19 Mar. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Brief for the Minister of Defence for reply to a question by Lord Ogmore, 29 Apr. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Sir Oliver Harvey (British Ambassador, Paris) to Anthony Eden, 16 May 1952; Hamilton (SA House, London) to Fraser (CRO), 10 Sept. 1952; Eden to Harvey, 25 Sept. 1952; Harvey to Eden, 24 Dec. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Ronald to Allen, 20 Aug. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Lockhart to Ronald, 18 Aug. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Hunt (CRO) to Palmer (MoD), 24 Jan. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Lockhart to Hunt, 1 Feb. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, SA House (London) to CRO, 4 Apr. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Hunt to SA House (London), 28 Apr. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, De Villiers (SA House, London) to Hunt, 24 July 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Armitage-Smith (CO) to Hunt, 11 Oct. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Stewart (SA House, London) to Fraser (CRO), 13 Apr. 1954, FO371/108145.
PRO, Lockhart to Allen, 30 Aug. 1951, FO371/90065.
PRO, Lockhart to West (British Embassy, Paris), 25 Jan. 1952, FO371/96672; and Lockhart to Ronald, 18 Aug. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Lockhart to Armitage-Smith, 24 Jan. 1952, FO371/90066; and Rumbold (British Embassy, Paris) to Lockhart, 4 Feb. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Lockhart to Armitage-Smith, 24 Jan. 1952, FO371/90066.
Q d’O, Jurgensen to Gazel, 4 June 1952, 162 AE, Afrique du Sud, K115.1.
Q d’O, Gazel to Winkler (Chargé d’Affaires in Pretoria), 15 Oct. 1952, 162 AE, Afrique du Sud, K115.1; and Winklcr to AE, 5 Nov. 1952, Ibid.
SHAT, Mons to interested Departments, 9 May 1952, 6Q33, 1.
SHAT, Mons to interested Departments, 8 July 1952, 6Q33, 1.
SHAT, Pflimlin to Afrique-Levant, 13 Dec. 1952, 6Q33, 2.
PRO, Lockhart to Ronald, 18 Aug. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Rumbold to Allen, 24 Dec. 1952, FO371/96672.
Ibid.
PRO, minute of Hillier-Fry, 13 Jan. 1953, FO371/96672.
PRO, French Proposal to hold a Second African Defence Facilities Conference. 2 Mar. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Price (FO) to Palmer (MoD), 2 Feb. 1953, FO371/96672.
PRO, Spurling to MO3 and also to Estcourt (Dep. Director Military Operations (B) (War Office), 12 Jan. 1954, DEFE7/654.
PRO, Armitage-Smith to Price, 12 Feb. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Hunt to Lockhart, 7 Feb. 1952, FO371/96672.
PRO, Tory (CRO) to Price, 13 Feb. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Roger Allen, French Proposal to hold a Second African Defence Facilities Conference. 2 Mar. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Allen to Rumbold, 7 Mar. 1953, FO371/102584.
SHAT, Afrique-Levant to Defense Nationale, 20 Mar. 1953, 6Q33, 2.
PRO, UK High Commissioner in South Africa to CRO, 22 May 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Gorell-Barnes (CO) to Gambia, Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone, 25 July 1953, FO371/102584.
SHAT, Pleven to Afrique-Levant, 5 May 1953, 6Q33, 2.
SHAT, Afrique-Levant to Mons, 5 Aug. 1953; and Mons to France d’Outre-Mer, 28 Aug. 1953, 6Q33, 2.
PRO, Price to Wilford (British Embassy, Paris), 31 Aug. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Wilford to Hillier-Fry, 5 Sept. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Defence Facilities Conference — Dakar. Report by the Joint Administrative Planning Staff[MoD], 17 Oct. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Proposed Defence Facilities Conference at Dakar. Record of a meeting held at the Foreign Office on November 10, 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Hamilton (SA House, London) to Fraser (CRO), 24 Feb. 1953, FO371/102584.
PRO, Boothby to Ronald, 16 Nov. 1953, FO371/102585.
PRO, Ronald to FO, 17 Apr. 1953, FO3371/102584; 2 Nov. 1953 and 30 Nov. 1953, FO371/102585.
PRO, Translation of Bout de Papier … November 30, and Ronald to FO, 30 Nov. 1953, FO371/102585.
PRO, Ronald to FO, 14 Dec. 1954, FO371/102585.
PRO, Ronald to FO, 20 Jan. 1954, FO371/108142.
PRO, Cunha to French Ambassador (Lisbon), 3 Feb. 1954, FO371/108142.
PRO, Boothby to Rumbold, 29 Jan. 1954; and copy of minute of Douglas Dodds-Parker, 8 Feb. 1954, FO371/108142.
PRO, MoD minute, 25 Jan. 1954, DEFE7/654.
PRO, Parker to Allen, 26 Jan. 1954, and Boothby to Rumbold, 29 Jan. 1954, FO371/108142.
Ibid.
PRO, Rumbold to Boothby, 1 Feb. 1954, FO371/108142.
PRO, Price to Mayall (British Embassy, Paris), 13 Feb. 1954, FO371/108142. Draft Brief: West African Defence Facilities Conference, Item XI: Liaison with International Organisations interested in the objects of the Conference, MoD, 17 Feb. 1954, FO371/108143.
PRO, Price to Mayall, 13 Feb. 1954, FO371/108142.
PRO, Draft Brief: West African Defence Facilities Conference, Item XII: Procedure for the Exchange of Information on the Subjects Studied at the Conference, MoD, 17 Feb. 1954, FO371/108143.
SHAT, SGPDN: Conference de Dakar. Instructions Pour la Délégation Française, 8 Feb. 1954, 6Q33, 2.
PRO, FO to Sir Oliver Harvey (Paris), 5 Apr. 1954, FO371/108145.
PRO, MoD minute on interdepartmental meeting held in Colonial Office, 25 Nov. 1953, DEFE7/653.
PRO, Draft. Cabinet Defence Committee: African Defence Facilities Conference, Dakar. Memorandum by the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence, 18 Mar. 1954, FO371/108145. [hereafter: ‘Parker Report’]
PRO, Ross (British Embassy, Rome) to Boothby, 11 Mar. 1954, FO371/108144.
PRO, Conference des Facilities de Dakar. Séance Plénière du Jeudi 11 Mars 1954. FO371/108145.
PRO, African Defence Facilities Conference, Dakar — Mars 1954: Report, paras. 2(b)–(e), FO371/108145.
PRO, Brown (UK Delegation to NATO) to Bromley (FO), 17 Mar. 1954, FO371/108144.
PRO, FO to Harvey (British Embassy, Paris), 5 Apr. 1954, FO371/108145.
PRO, FO to Harvey, 5 Apr. 1954, FO371/108145.
PRO, Curson (CRO) to Newling (MoD), 29 Apr. 1954, FO371/108146.
PRO, British Embassy (Addis Ababa) to FO, 30 Mar. 1954, FO371/108145.
PRO, Hillier-Fry to Jack (MoD), 3 July 1954, FO371/108146.
PRO, Newling to Curson, 30 July 1954, FO371/108146.
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© 1992 G. R. Berridge
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Berridge, G.R. (1992). The Cloak of Multilateralism, 1949–54. In: South Africa, the Colonial Powers and ‘African Defence’. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376366_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376366_3
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