Abstract
The barbarians broke through the imperial defences and mocked the universalist pretensions of Rome. By 476 the Empire survived as but a Balkan and middle eastern rump. Its metropolis was Constantinople, the Second Rome, not the original. But why should not this new Rome — this Byzantine Empire — lay claim to the destiny of the old? This, in fact, it did, and with great conviction, well before the collapse of the Empire in the West.
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References and Notes
See D. M. Nicol, ‘Byzantium’, in J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c.350–c.1450 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) p. 51.
See N. H. Baynes, Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London: Athlone Press, 1955) p. 48.
O. Gierke (trans. F. W. Maitland), Political Theories of the Middle Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900) pp. 9–10, 19.
See also the famous views of J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire ([1864] London: Macmillan, 1968), esp. pp. 433, 504–5.
For a more recent historian’s view, see W. Ullmann, ‘Reflections on the Medieval Empire’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, vol. 14 (1964) p. 98.
J. Ficker, quoted in G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Blackwell, 1947) p. 68 n. 2.
For a more recent historian’s view, see G. Barraclough, The Mediaeval Empire: Idea and Reality (London: Historical Association, 1950) p. 25.
Texts in R. Folz (trans. S. A. Ogilvie), The Concept of Empire in Western Europe (London: Edward Arnold, 1969) pp. 177 and 176.
See A. J. Carlyle, A History of Mediaeval Political Theory in the West, vol. III (Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1962) p. 171 and n. 4.
Quoted in R. H. C. Davis, A History of Medieval Europe (London: Longmans, 1957) p. 324. For Chrysippus see Chapter 1 above.
See R. W. Carlyle and A. J. Carlyle, A History of Mediaeval Political Theory in the West, vol. V (Edinburgh and London: Blackwood, 1950) p. 142 & n. 3.
Quoted in W. Ullmann, A History of Political Thought: The Middle Ages (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965) p. 125n.
E. Lewis (trans.), Medieval Political Ideas, vol. 2 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954) pp. 473–4.
See A. P. d’Entrèves, Dante as a Political Thinker (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952) p. 32.
For the texts see Lewis, op. cit., p. 474 and C. J. Nederman and K. L. Forhan (eds), Medieval Political Theory — A Reader (London and New York: Routledge, 1993) p. 169. The details of the argument are different and Englebert could not have copied Dante as the Convivio was unfinished and had not been published in 1308.
Dante (trans. and ed. D. Nicholl), Monarchy and Three Political Letters (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954) pp. 100, 104, 113.
See W. Bowsky, Henry VII in Italy (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1960) pp. 167–8, 181–2.
P. A. Wickstead, From Vita Nuova to Paradiso, quoted in D. L. Sayers (trans.), The Comedy of Dante Alighieri: I Hell (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1949) p. 43.
D. L. Sayers (trans.), Dante, The Divine Comedy: III Paradise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962) canto XXX, 11. 133–8.
For general studies of De Monarchia and Dante’s ideas on Empire, see especially É. Gilson (trans. D. Moore), Dante the Philosopher (London: Sheed & Ward, 1948) Pt II;
also W. H. V. Reade, ‘Introduction’ to E. Moore (ed.), De Monarchia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1916); d’Entrèves, op. cit.; D. Mancusi-Ungaro, Dante and the Empire (New York: Peter Lang, 1987).
E.g. Sully, Saint-Pierre, Saint-Simon. See D. Heater, The Idea of European Unity (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992).
U. Cosmo (trans. D. Moore), A Handbook of Dante Studies (Oxford: Blackwell, 1950) p. 110.
Quoted in A. S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974) p. 118. The Scriptural passages are Proverbs 18, 19 and Wisdom 6, 4–5.
D. Erasmus (ed. A. Grieve), The Complaint of Peace (London: Headley Bros, 1917) p. 69.
E. Cassirer, P. O. Kriseller and J. H. Randall (eds), The Renaissance Philosophy of Man (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1948) p. 352. 92. É.
de la Boétie, De la Servitude Volontaire ou Contr’un (1548), extract in J. Hersch (ed.), Birthright of Man (Paris: UNESCO, 1968).
J. Lipsius (ed. R. Kirk; trans. J. Stradling), Two Bookes of Constancie (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1939) p. 3.
See J. L. Saunders, Justus Lipsius: The Philosophy of Renaissance Stoicism (New York: The Liberal Arts Press, 1955) p. 15 and n. 15.
E. Cassirer, The Myth of the State (London: Oxford University Press, 1946) p. 167.
See Chapter 1 n. 14 above. Note also his comment in ‘Of Vanity’: ‘I consider all men my compatriots, and embrace a Pole as I do a Frenchman, setting this national bond after the universal and common one’ (quoted in T. J. Sehlereth, The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977) p. xxii.)
F. Bacon, Essays (London: Dent, 1906) pp. 38–9.
A. Guevara (trans. T. North, 1582), The Diall of Princes, bk I, ch. xxviii, quoted in F. A. Yates, Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975) p. 52.
K. Brandi (trans. C. V. Wedgwood), The Emperor Charles V (London: Cape, 1939) p. 112.
L. Ariosto (trans. B. Reynolds), Orlando Furioso (The Frenzy of Orlando), Part I (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975) canto XV, 21–6.
W. J. Bouwsma, Concordia Mundi: The Career and Thought of Guillaume Postel (1510–1581) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957) p. 1.
Quoted in C. L. Lange, Histoire de l’Internationalisme, t. 1 (Kristiana: Aschehoug, 1919) p. 378 (author’s translation).
See M. L. Kuntz, Guillaume Postel (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981) p. 60 n. 198.
See L. Blanchet, Campanella (Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan, 1920) p. 518.
Quoted in J. B. Morrall, The Medieval Imprint (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970) p. 84.
See W. Schiffer, The Legal Community of Mankind (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954) p. 20.
M. Wight. International Theory: The Three Traditions (London: Leicester University Press, 1991) p. 44.
Quoted in F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963) pp. 14–15. See also Chapter 7 below.
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© 1996 Derek Heater
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Heater, D. (1996). The Christian Renewal of the Roman Empire. In: World Citizenship and Government. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376359_2
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