Abstract
One of the tenets of Conservative philosophy on returning to power in 1970 was that less government interference with market forces would help to restore competition and profitability to British industry after the years of inefficient socialist planning and indiscriminately wasteful subsidies. The 1970 manifesto stated that:
Competitive free enterprise ensures choice for the consumer. Profitable free enterprise provides the resources for both capital investment and higher wages. We will pursue a vigorous competition policy. We will check any abuse of dominant power or monopoly, strengthening and reforming the machinery which exists.
Finally once a decision is made, once a policy is established, the Prime Minister and his colleagues should have the courage to stick to it. Nothing has done Britain more harm than the endless backing and filling which we have seen in recent years … Courage and intellectual honesty are essential qualities in politics, and in the interest of our country it is high time that we saw them again.
So it will not be enough for a Conservative Government to make a fresh start with new policies. We must create a new way of running our national affairs. This means sweeping away the trivialities and the gimmicks which now dominate the political scene. It means dealing honestly and openly with the House of Commons, with the press and with the public.’
Edward Heath in the foreword to the 1970 Conservative Party Manifesto
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Conservative Party Manifesto, 1970.
Hansard, 7 July 1970, Vol. 803, Col. 623.
Interview, Conservative MP.
Interview, Senior CBI Official.
Hansard, 26 January 1971, Vol. 810, Col. 350.
Hansard, 9 July 1970, Vol. 803, Col. 884.
Hansard, 30 October 1970, Vol. 805, Col. 6311.
ANDREW GAMBLE in Conservative Party Politics (Ed. by Z. Layton-Henry), Macmillan, 1980, p. 39.
E.g., Hansard, 19 November 1970, Vol. 806, Col. 1424.
Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1970.
Hansard, 7 July 1970, Vol. 803, Col. 511.
Interview, Cabinet Minister who recommended the price increase.
Hansard, 4 February 1971, Vol. 810, Cols. 1922–23.
Hansard, 8 February 1971, Vol. 811, Cols. 80–83.
The Times, 8 February 1971.
Hansard, 11 March 1971, Vol. 813, Col. 587.
Interview, Junior Minister.
Interview, Junior Minister.
Interview, Lord Carrington.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Junior Minister.
PHILIP NORTON, Conservative Dissidents: Dissent within the Parliamentary Conservative Party 1970–74, Macmillan, 1978, p. 90.
Hansard, 15 June 1971, Vol. 819, Col. 233.
Hansard, 15 June 1971, Vol. 819, Col. 241.
Daily Telegraph, 19 June 1971.
The Times, 31 August 1971.
Hansard, 2 August 1971, Vol. 822, Col. 1084.
The Times, 4 August 1971.
Interview, Junior Minister.
See also P. FERRIS, The New Militants: Crisis in the Trade Unions, Penguin Books, 1972, p. 777 on the extent of Communist participation.
ROBERT TAYLOR, The Fifth Estate: Britain’s Unions in the Modern World, Pan Books, 1980, p. 123.
WILLIE THOMPSON and FINLAY HART, The UCS Work-in, Lawrence and Wishart, 1972, pp. 94–95.
Interview, David Knox.
Interview, Junior Minister.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Junior Minister.
Hansard, 2 August 1971, Vol. 822, Col. 1140.
J. McGILL, Crisis on the Clyde, Davis Poynter, 1973, p. 87.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Junior Minister.
Hansard, 28 February 1972, Vol. 832, Cols. 52–53.
The Economist, 4 April 1972.
A more detailed analysis is to be found in the next chapter.
The Times, 26 September 1971.
The seasonally adjusted figure was below one million.
Interview, Senior Civil Servant.
Interview, Senior Treasury Official.
Interview, Senior Civil Servant.
Interview, Senior Trade Union Leader.
JOHN B. WOOD, How Little Unemployment, IEA Hobart Paperback No. 65, 1975.
KEVIN HAWKINS, Unemployment, Penguin Books, 1979, pp. 25–27.
Gallup International Public Opinion Polls (GB), 1937–75, p. 1171. Alt, however, has argued, by analysing opinion poll data over a number of years, that. ‘,. a preference for reduced unemployment as a policy goal [is] altruistic; that is, as reflecting a preference for alleviating someone else’s suffering. This interpretation arose because the number of people who preferred reduced unemployment [to reduced inflation] was far greater than the proportions who were worried about becoming unemployed or who had never had any experience of unemployment. This altruistic preference could also be called generous [emphasis in original]; it is held by those who feel they can best afford it, whether through ignorance of or insulation from the inflationary costs of such a preference.... The central argument [is] that preferring reduced unemployment is a generous altruistic policy choice and is far less likely to occur when the costs of such a choice are higher and when they are clearly perceived’, J. E. ALT, The Politics of Economic Decline, Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 195–99.
Interview, Junior Minister. This comment was typical of many in that Mr Heath saw Britain’s economic problems within the wider European economic unit of the EEC.
Interview, Treasury Adviser.
Cmnd 4942, Industrial and Regional Development, HMSO, 1972.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Hansard, 22 May 1972, Vol. 837, Cols. 1009–10.
Mr Heath was forced to reshuffle the DTI Ministers to carry the U-turn to its logical conclusion. In April 1972 Messrs Ridley and Corfield were dismissed to the back benches and Sir John Eden was moved to Posts and Telecommunications. Christopher Chataway was appointed to take charge of the new industrial development machinery. Tom Boardman, a back-bencher with wide managerial experience, was brought in to take over from Sir John Eden. In November 1972 Peter Walker was appointed Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, David Knox.
Hansard, 22 May 1972, Vol. 837, Col. 1090.
S. BRITTAN, The Economic Consequences of Democracy, Temple Smith, 1977, pp. 147–48.
P. J. CURWEN and A. H. FOWLER, Economic Policy, Macmillan, 1976, p. 169.
LORD GOWRIE in The Conservative Opportunity (Ed. by Lord Blake and John Patten), Macmillan, 1976, p. 141.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Senior CBI Official.
Interview, John B. Wood.
Interview, Conservative MP.
Ibid.
A. ROTH, Heath and the Heathmen, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972, p. xv.
The Times, 2 December 1972.
JOCK BRUCE-GARDYNE, Meriden: Odyssey of a Lame Duck, Centre for Policy Studies, 1978.
Second Report from the Expenditure Committee, Session 1973–74, on Regional Development Incentives, HMSO, 1974.
Interview, Cabinet Minister.
Interview, Senior Civil Servant.
Interview, Senior Policy Adviser.
Interview, Lord Armstrong.
Interview, Senior Policy Adviser.
Interview, Conservative MP.
J. BRUCE-GARDYNE, op. cit. (Ref. 76), p. 80.
Interview, Senior CBI Official.
Hansard, 15 May 1973, Vol. 856, Col. 1243.
LUCILLE IREMONGER, British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century (Ed. by John P. Mackintosh), Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978.
It may be possible to draw a parallel between Mr Heath’s reaction to unemployment in 1972 and Sir Anthony Eden’s reaction to Colonel Nasser’s policies in 1956. In both cases the British Prime Minister ascribed the conditions, and lessons, of the 1930s to situations that were superficially similar but in fact essentially different.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1997 Martin Holmes
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Holmes, M. (1997). The U-Turn over industry policy. In: The Failure of the Heath Government. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376113_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230376113_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-71607-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-37611-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)