Abstract
Popular support, ability and will to fulfil international obligations, and legitimacy do not exhaust the list of proposed additional criteria for recognition as a government. Legal scholars and policy-makers have also considered nondependence on foreign support in the exercise of control (‘local origins’), respect for other states’ rights, origins in conformity with international law, and respect for human rights. The first three were already discussed in the nineteenth century, and fitted comfortably with the prevailing view that states were the only entities having legal rights and duties, and legal capacity to act, under international law. The fourth is a twentieth-century development resting on newer beliefs that the protection of international law should extend to individuals and groups.
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Notes
Bisschop, ‘London International Law Conference’ (1944): 204.
Marek, Identity (1954): 64–71
Brownlie, International Law (1966): 86
Feldman ‘Recognition’ (1969): 205
Blix, ‘Contemporary Aspects’ (1970): 591
Hingorani, Modern (1984): 87
Feldman, ‘International Personality’ (1985): 400
Tripathi, India’s (1990): 40.
Verhoeven, La Reconnaissance (1975): 93–5 was sympathetic but ultimately rejected it as too hard to apply.
Speech by President Truman, Department of State Bulletin, 13: 654 (1945).
The most elaborate statement came from the PRC in a lead article in Peking Review on 17 April 1970. Translation in Cohen and Chiu (eds), People’s China and International Law (1974), vol. 1: 291.
Elias, Africa and the Development of International Law (1972): 113.
Umozurike, Introduction (1993): 67–8.
Rousseau, ‘Chronique’, RGDIP, 86: 549 (1982).
E.g. 1976 Canadian statement in Canadian YBIL, 15: 340 (1977)
US statement in US Practice, 1979: 110.
Rousseau, ‘Chronique’, RGDIP, 84: 832–4 (1980).
British statement in the UN General Assembly, 24 December 1981, noted in British YBIL, 52: 376 (1981).
India, Tripathi, India’s (1990): 1990.
‘Chronique’, Ann. française, 1980, p. 1009; Tripathi, India’s (1990): 123.
Which was quickly endorsed as the legitimate government of Cambodia by Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Mauretania, North Korea and Pakistan, Australian YBIL, 10: 290 (1990).
US statements in US Practice, 1980–88, pp. 299–310
British statement of 4 May 1988 in British YBIL, 59: 436 (1988).
Oppenheim, International Law (9th edn., 1992), vol. 1: 152.
Phillimore, Commentaries (1879), vol. 2: 20
Fiore, Nouveau droit (1885), vol. 1: 275
Hall, A Treatise (1890): 46.
Stinson, ‘Recognition’ (1924): 20
Pergler, ‘Recognition’ (1925): 63
Anzilotti, Cours (1929), vol. 1: 180
McMahon, Recent Changes (1933), 115–16.
Hornbeck, ‘Recognition’ (1950), 187
Sibert, Traité (1951), 1: 198, note 4
Patel, Recognition (1959), 71.
Hence McMahon, Recent Changes (1933): 56–7 errs in crediting its invention to US opponents of recognizing the Soviet government.
Molotov’s report to the CPSU executive committee, December 1933, quoted in Degras (ed.), Soviet Documents, (1951), vol. 3: 56–7.
Newman, Recognition of Communist China? (1961) summarizes the debate.
Smith, Great Britain and the Law of Nations (1932), vol. 1: 232–3.
Cervenka, The Organization of African Unity (1969): 39.
Rousseau, ‘Chronique’, RGDIP, 84: 390 (1980).
Comment on official French statements by Jean Charpentier, Ann. française, 1987, p. 975.
Umozurike, Introduction (1993): 69 did note that ‘there may be methods of change that fall below civilized standards of which other states should show approprate disapproval’ without saying that disapproval necessarily meant nonrecognition.
Feldman, ‘Recognition’ (1969): 205. His non-exhaustive list of basic norms included peaceful settlement of disputes with other states, respect for the political independence and territorial integrity of states, sovereign equality of states, international cooperation, the right of all states to participate in international cooperation, self-determination of peoples, and respect for human rights.
Mirkine-Guetzévitch, ‘Droit international et droit constitutionnel’ (1931): 338.
Fiore, Nouveau droit (1885), vol. 1: 281, note 2.
Arendt, Anerkennung (1938): 90.
Sibert, Traité (1951), vol. 1: 199
Azevedo, Aspects généraux (1953): 50
Patel, Recognition (1959): 77
Fenwick, ‘Recognition De Facto’ (1965): 965
Frowein, Das de facto Regime (1968): 231–2 for recognition beyond minimum ‘de facto regime’ status.
Lauterpacht, Recognition (1947): 170–4.
See discussion in Dugard, International Law (1994): 83.
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© 1997 M. J. Peterson
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Peterson, M.J. (1997). Other Proposed Criteria. In: Recognition of Governments. Studies in Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375895_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375895_5
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