Abstract
As the nineteenth century advanced, the United Kingdom moved further in the direction of a true democracy. The so-called ‘Reform Acts’ of 1867 and 1884 created the ‘household franchise’, which meant that nearly all adult male householders obtained the vote. The ‘Ballot Act’ of 1872 made voting secret. The political parties began to take on a distinctly modern aspect. Politicians came to realise that they could only retain, or secure, power by making their policies attractive to a large section of a broad electorate.
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Notes
John Bright Jr and J.E. Thorold Rogers (eds), Speeches by Richard Cobden. (London 1870; 1908 ), p. 493.
C.H. Feinstein, National Income, Expenditure and Output of the U.K., 1855–1965 (Cambridge 1972 ).
Elwood P. Lawrence, Henry George in the British Isles (East Lansing, Mich., 1957).
R.C.K. Ensor, England 1870–1914 (Oxford 1966), p. 334.
The other references are to Laurence Gronlund, Cooperative Commonwealth (1884),
and Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1887).
See, in particular, Benjamin H. Brown, The Tariff Reform Movement in Great Britain 1881–1895. (N.Y. 1942 ).
Bernard Mallet, British Budgets 1887–88 to 1912–13. (London 1913), p. 81.
Bruce K. Murray, The People’s Budget 1909–10 … (Oxford 1980), p. 1.
Étinne Martin, Les impôts directs en Angleterre … (Paris &c., 1905), p. 125.
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© 1999 Roy Douglas
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Douglas, R. (1999). Constructive Taxation. In: Taxation in Britain since 1660. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375260_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375260_7
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