Abstract
Ferdinand Marcos’s re-election victory in 1969 coincided with the re-establishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and the establishment of the New People’s Army (NPA) through the merger with the surviving anti-colonial Huk band. Marcos’s second presidency was characterised by rising levels of popular discontent and protest, the extension of Marcos’s period of office and the imposition of martial law which was only lifted in 1981. In regularly held but frequently fraudulent elections, Marcos supporters established and maintained dominance of the legislature and executive; and, after lifting martial law, he retained the power to rule by decree.
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© 1997 Seamus Cleary
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Cleary, S. (1997). In Whose Interest? Philippine NGO Responses to Increased Political Space. In: The Role of NGOs under Authoritarian Political Systems. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375086_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375086_5
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