Abstract
The principle of sovereignty has been eroding throughout the twentieth century, and at an accelerating pace since the end of the Cold War. States are finding it increasingly difficult to claim domestic jurisdiction in order to prevent external intervention in their affairs based on concern about human rights violations or genocide. Conceptual models grounded on an interdependent world order, and a shared international morality, are therefore used to justify humanitarian intervention. It is evident, however, that the mechanisms needed to carry out humanitarian intervention successfully are still in the process of being developed. This is especially true of those activated by the Security Council. Rwanda therefore represents a case of an accepted theory in search of a practice.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Boutros-Ghali, ‘An Agenda for Peace,’ in Nigel Rodley, ed., To Loose the Bands of Wickedness ( London: Brassey’s, 1992 ), p. 241;
Quincy Wright, Contemporary International Law: A Balance Sheet, revised edition (New York: Random House, 1955 ), p. 37
and Louis Sohn and Thomas Buergenthal, International Protection of Human Rights ( Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973 ), p. 3.
Irving Louis Horowitz, Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power, third edition (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1982 ), pp. 165–66.
W. Michael Reisman, ‘Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law,’ The American Journal of International Law vol. 84, no. 4 (October 1990): 869 and 874.
See also Stephen John Stedman, ‘The New Interventionists,’ Foreign Affairs, vol. 72, no. 1 (1992/93): 4.
Richard Rubenstein, ‘Afterward: Genocide and Civilization,’ in Isidor Wallimann and Michael Dobkowski, ed., Genocide and the Modern Age ( New York: Greenwood Press, 1987 ), p. 297.
Louis Henkin, The Age of Rights ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1990 ), pp. 63–64.
Thomas Weiss and Jarat Chopra, ‘Sovereignty Under Siege,’ in Gene Lyons and Michael Mastanduno, eds, Beyond Westphalia?: State Sovereignty and International Intervention ( Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995 ), p. 89.
Comfort Ero and Suzanne Long, ‘Humanitarian Intervention: A New Role for the United Nations?,’ International Peacekeeping, vol. 2, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 147.
Israel Charny, Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review ( New York: Facts on File, 1988 ), p. 143
Stanley Hoffmann, ‘The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention,’ Survival, vol. 37, no. 4 (Winter 1995–96): 37
and Stanley Hoffmann, ‘Humanitarian Intervention in the 1990’s,’ Harvard International Review, vol. 26 (Fall 1993): 9. The Security Council had previously pressed for sanctions against South Africa on the same basis under Chapter VII, claiming that there was ‘a threat to international peace and security.’
Gene Lyons and Michael Mastanduno, ‘Introduction,’ in Lyons and Mastanduno, p. 13 and Charles Kegley, Jr, ‘The Neoliberal Challenge to Realist Theories of World Affairs: An Introduction,’ in Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory ( New York: St Martin’s Press, 1995 ), p. 14.
Stephen Krasner, ‘Sovereignty and Intervention,’ in Lyons and Mastanduno, pp. 229–33; Jack Donnelly, ‘State Sovereignty and International Intervention,’ in Lyons and Mastanduno, p. 121; and Charles Beitz, ‘Bounded Morality: Justice and the State in World Politics,’ International Organization vol. 33, no. 3 (Summer 1979): 408–409.
Raphael Lemkin, ‘Genocide as a Crime Under International Law,’ The American Journal of International Law, vol. 84, no. 4 (October 1990): 869 and 876.
Bruce Jones, ‘“Intervention Without Borders”: Humanitarian Intervention in Rwanda, 1990–94,’ Millenium, vol. 24, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 236–37.
Noreen Burrows, ‘Tanzania’s Intervention in Uganda: Some Legal Aspects,’ The World Today, vol. 35, no. 7 (July 1979): 310
and Michael Glennon, ‘Sovereignty and Community After Haiti: Rethinking the Collective Use of Force,’ The American Journal of International Law, vol. 89, no. 1 (January 1995): 70.
Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977), p. 108
Barbara Harff, ‘Humanitarian Intervention in Genocidal Situations,’ in Israel Charny, ed., Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, vol. 2 (New York: Facts on File, 1991), p. 148; and Reisman, p. 876.
For a discussion of the controversy over African human rights, see Rhoda Howard, ‘Is There an African Concept of Human Rights,’ in R.J. Vincent, ed., Foreign Policy and Human Rights ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986 ), pp. 11–32
Asmarom Legesse, ‘Human Rights in African Political Culture,’ in Kenneth Thompson, ed., The Moral Imperatives of Human Rights ( Washington: University Press of America, 1980 ), pp. 123–38
and Chris Mojekwu, ‘International Human Rights: The African Perspective,’ in Jack Nelson and Vera Green, eds,International Human Rights: Contemporary Issues (Stanfordville: Human Rights Publishing Group, 1980), pp. 85–95.
H. Scott Fairley, ‘State Actors, Humanitarian Intervention and International Law: Reopening Pandora’s Box,’ Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 10, no. 1 (1980): 61.
Ali Mazrui, Towards a Pax Africana (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), pp. 125 and 203.
Farooq Hassan, ‘Realpolitik in International Law: After Tanzanian-Ugandan Conflict ‘Humanitarian Intervention’ Reconsidered,’ Willamette Law Review, vol. 17, no. 4 (Fall 1981 ): 910–11
Jerome Slater and Terry Nardin, ‘Nonintervention and Human Rights,’ Journal of Politics, vol. 48, no. 1 (February 1986): 94; Walzer, pp. 101 and 106;
and Michael Mandelbaum, ‘The Reluctance to Intervene,’ Foreign Policy, no. 95 (Summer 1994): 12.
Michael Bazyler, ‘Reexamining the Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention in Light of the Atrocities in Kampuchea and Ethiopia,’ Stanford Journal of International Law, vol. XXIII, no. (Summer 1987): 586.
David Mapel and Terry Nardin, ‘Convergence and Divergence in International Ethics,’ in Nardin and Mapel, eds, Traditions of International Ethics ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992 ), p. 297.
Jean-Denis Mouton, ‘La Crise Rwandaise de 1994 et les Nations Unies,’ Annuaire Francais de Droit International (Paris: CNRS Editions, 1994), vol. XL, pp. 242.
Alain Destexhe, ‘Foreword,’ in Francois Jean, ed., Populations in Danger 1995 (London: Médecins Sans Frontières, 1995), p. 11 and Destexhe, ‘The Third Genocide,’ Foreign Policy no. 97 (Winter 1994–95): 17. UN Under Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Bernard Miyet of France has commented on coalitions of interested countries using their own troops for peace enforcement or restoration, ‘but with a green light from the Security Council.’ See The New York Times May 4, 1997, p. 12.
Howard Adelman and Astri Surhke, ‘Early Warning and Conflict Management,’ in The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience ( Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, Copenhagen: 1996 ), vol. 2, p. 77.
Saul Minsky, Reveille for Radicals (New York: Vintage, 1969), p. 93. Although self-interest was used to attract people to the radical cause, Minsky wrote: After the organization is soundly built, they will work cooperatively for reasons of social good rather than individual interest.’
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1998 Arthur Jay Klinghoffer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Klinghoffer, A.J. (1998). Humanitarian Intervention. In: The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375062_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230375062_14
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-40683-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-37506-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)