Abstract
The liberal and Marxist branches of political economy in the nineteenth century assumed that the species would be united by the process of industrialisation. The coming of industrial society confirmed only part of their argument. As expected, the economic and social unification of the species turned out to be one of the most important tendencies in the nineteenth century, but an unanticipated concurrent increase in the level of international conflict was to prove that industrialisation was a more complex and paradoxical force than liberalism and Marxism had supposed. Neither perspective had been alert to the possibility that the process of national unification would rapidly overtake the trend towards international integration, and neither had envisaged the increase of state power in both the domestic and the international realm.
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Notes and References
R. Aron, Progress and Disillusion (Harmondsworth, 1968) part 3.
E.H. Carr, Nationalism and After (London, 1945) pp. 1–26.
See J. Plamenatz “Two Types of Nationalism” in E. Kamenka (ed.) Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea (London, 1973) p. 27.
K. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (London, 1953) p. 191.
See the essay on nationality in Lord Acton, Essays on Freedom and Power (Boston, 1948)
and E. Kedourie, Nationalism (London, 1960).
For a discussion of the Congress, see R. A. Kann, The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy (New York, 1964).
Pipes (1954) p. 26. See also E. Nimni “Marxism and Nationalism”, in Shaw (1985) esp. pp. 125–32.
On Vico, Herder and historicism, see I Berlin, Vico and Herder (London, 1976). On convergence, see Nimni in Shaw, op. cit.
Bottomore and Goode (1978) pp. 108–9. For a discussion of Schiller and Hegel on the “recreation” of “political community”, see R. Plant, Hegel (London, 1973) ch. 1.
J. P. Netti, Rosa Luxembourg: A Biography (Oxford, 1966) p. 862.
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Quoted in G. Mayer, Friedrich Engels: A Biography (New York, 1969) p. 151.
On the development of Bukharin’s thought, see especially S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938 (Oxford, 1980) esp. pp. 66–7 and 187–8.
Cohen, ibid., p. 188. For Trotsky’s warnings against the dangers of national messianism, see C.C. Lee, “Trotsky’s Theory of the Permanent Revolution”, Issues and Studies, (1972) pp. 60–76. On “Marxist” realism, see Kubalkova and Cruickshank (1980).
For a discussion of the emergence of national rivalries between socialist states in South East Asia, see G. Evans and K. Rowley, Red Brotherhood at War: IndoChina since the Fall of Saigon (London, 1984).
Gellner (1964) p. 148. For a critical account of the “modernity of nationalism”, see A. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, 1986).
Gellner (1964) pp. 147–8 and 172; Gellner (1983) p. 12. See also Gellner’s Spectacles and Predicaments: Essays in Social Theory (Cambridge, 1979) p. 270.
S. Krasner, “Transforming International Regimes: What the Third World Wants and Why”, International Studies Quarterly, 25 (1981) 119–48.
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© 1990 Andrew Linklater
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Linklater, A. (1990). The Nation and the Species. In: Beyond Realism and Marxism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374546_4
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