Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Human Development Achievements in an Indian State: A Case Study of Kerala

  • Chapter
Book cover Social Development and Public Policy

Abstract

Fifty years after Indian independence, hundreds of millions of India’s people continue to live in conditions of terrible poverty, deprivation and social and economic inequality. In this depressing half-century record, the state of Kerala stands out as something of an exception; it is a state where important progress has been made with respect to land reform and in overcoming caste and gender inequality and health and educational deprivation. Kerala’s accomplishment shows that the well-being of the people can be improved, and social, political and cultural conditions transformed, even at low levels of income, when there is appropriate public action.2 In Kerala, the action of mass organizations and mass movements against social, political and economic oppression and the policy actions of governments have been the most important constituents of public action.

This is a shortened, updated and revised version of my ‘On Kerala’s development achievements’, in Drèze and Sen (1997). I am grateful to Vikas Rawal and Madhura Swaminathan for help with this version.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • A. H. (1860) Day Dawn in Travancore: A Brief Account of the Manners and Customs of the People and the Efforts That are Being Made for Their Improvement. Kottayam: C. M. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a–e) International Congress on Kerala Studies: Abstracts, Vols 1–4 and suppl. vol. Thiruvananthapuram: A. K. G. Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agur, C. M. (1903) Church History of Travancore. Madras: SPS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • AIDWA (1994) State Reports prepared for fourth national conference of All-India Democratic Women’s Association, Coimbatore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiyappan, A. (1965) Social Revolution in a Kerala Village. Bombay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albin, Alice (1990) ‘Manufacturing sector in Kerala: comparative study of its growth and structure’, Economic and Political Weekly, 25(37): 2059–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albin, Alice (1992) ‘Kerala economy at crossroads’, Economic and Political Weekly, 27(12): 606–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • All-Travancore Joint Political Congress (1934) Travancore: The Present Political Problem, a report submitted to His Highness the Maharaja of Travancore. Trivandrum: M. M. Varkey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annual Survey of Industries (1993) Summary Results for Factory Sector 1989–90. New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annual Survey of Industries (1994) Summary Results for Factory Sector 1990–91. New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asari, V. Gopalakrishnan (1994) ‘Population change in Kerala and its socio-economic implications’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishnan, P. V. (1981) Matrilineal System in Malabar. Cannanore: Satyavani Prakashan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee, P. J. and G. N. Shastri (1976) Population in India: A Study of Inter-State Variations. New Delhi: Vikas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bose, Ashish (1991) Population of India: 1991 Census Results and Methodology. New Delhi: D. K. Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, J. C. (1986) ‘Routes to low mortality in poor countries’, Population and Development Review, 12(2):171–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, J. C. and Pat Caldwell (1985) ‘Education and literacy as factors in health’, in Halstead et al. (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistical Organization (CSO) (1989) Estimates of State Domestic Product 1970–71 to 1987–88. New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistical Organization (CSO) (1991a) Estimates of State Domestic Product and Cross Fixed Capital Formation. New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistical Organization (CSO) (1991b and 1994) National Accounts Statistics. New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Development Studies (1977) Poverty, Unemployment and Development Policy: A Case Study of Selected Issues with Reference to Kerala. Madras: Orient Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy (CMIE) (1991, 1992, 1994b) Basic Statistics Relating to the Indian Economy, Vol. II: States. Bombay: CMIE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy (CMIE) (1994a) Basic Statistics Relating to the Indian Economy. Bombay: CMIE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandhok, H. L. and the Policy Group (1990) India Database: The Economy: Annual Time Series Data, 2 vols. New Delhi: LM Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandramohan, P. (1981) Social and Political Protest in Travancore: A Study of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (1900–1938), M. Phil. dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandramohan, P. (1987) ‘Popular culture and socio-religious reform: Narayana Guru and the Ezhavas of Travancore’, Studies in History, 3(1)ns:57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandrasekhar, C. P. and Abhijit Sen (1996) ‘Statistical truths: economic reform and poverty’, Frontline, 23 February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, Reverend John (1857) Travancore: Its Present Ruin Shown and the Remedy Sought in a Correspondence with the Government of Madras in the Years 1855–1857. Nagercoil: London Mission Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damodaran, A. D. and V. Govindarajulu (1994) ‘Ecstasy and agony of Kerala development model’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Drèze, Jean and Amartya Sen (1989) Hunger and Public Action. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drèze, Jean and Amartya Sen (1995) India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity. Oxford and Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvvury, Nata (1994a) Report on the Discussions on the Status of Women, International Congress on Kerala Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvvury, Nata (1994b) Social Security in the Unorganized Sector: A Study of Labour Welfare Funds. Thiruvananthapuram.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPW Research Foundation (1993) ‘Poverty levels in India: norms, estimates and trends’, Economic and Political Weekly, 28(34): 1748–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eawcett, F. (1901/1990) Nayars of Malabar. Reprinted. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, K. (1985) Politics of Education in Kerala, PhD Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, Richard W. (1993) Life is a Little Better: Redistribution as a Development Strategy in Nadur Village, Kerala, Conflict and Social Change Series. Boulder and Oxford: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, Richard W. and Barbara H. Chasin (1992) Kerala: Development through Radical Reform. New Delhi: Promilla with Institute for Food and Development Policy, San Francisco, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, C.J. (1976) The Nayars Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganesh, K. N. (1990) ‘The process of state formation in Travancore,’ Studies in History, 6(1):15–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gazetteer of India (1986) Kerala State Gazetteer, Vol. I, by Adoor K. K. Ramachandran Nair. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Gazetteers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazetteer of India (1989) Kerala State Gazetteer, Vol. III: Economic Affairs, Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Gazetteers.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Alex (1990) ‘The Militant Phase of Pulaya Movement of South Travancore: 1884–1914’, Working Paper 22, Amsterdam: CASA.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Jose (1980) Politicisation of Agricultural Workers in Kerala: A Study of Kuttanad, M. Phil. dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, K. K. (1994) ‘Whither Kerala Model?’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994e).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goody, Jack (ed.) (1968) Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalankutty, K. (1978) The Rise and Growth of the Communist Party in Malabar, 1934–47, M. Phil. dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalankutty, K. (1981) ‘The Integration of the Anti-Landlord Movement with their Movement against imperialism: The case of Malabar, 1935–39’, Studies in History, 3(1 & 2):201–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopalankutty, K. (1989) ‘The task of transforming the Congress: Malabar, 1934–40’, Studies in History, 5(2):177–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalankutty, K. (n.d.) ‘Movement for tenancy reform in Malabar: a comparative study of two movements, 1920–1939’, in D. N. Panigrahi, Economy, Society and Politics in Modern India. New Delhi: Vikas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, Kathleen (1962) ‘Nayar: Central Kerala’ and ‘Nayar: North Kerala’, in David M. Schneider and Kathleen Gough (eds) (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, Kathleen (1968) ‘Literacy in Kerala’, in Goody, Jack (ed.) (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, Kathleen (1970) ‘Palakkara: Social and Religious Change in Central Kerala’, in Ishwaran, K. (ed.) (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Cochin (various years), Report on the Administration of Cochin State, and Administration Reports and Budget Estimates for the Cochin State. Cochin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Kerala (1985) Report of the Survey on Socio-economic Conditions of Agricultural and Other Rural Labourers in Kerala: 1983–84. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Economics and Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Kerala (1992) Economic Review, 1991. Thiruvananthapuram: State Planning Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Travancore (various years) Report on the Administration of Travancore. Trivandrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of West Bengal (1992) Report of the Education Commission. Calcutta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, I. S. (1994) Speech at the inaugural session of the International Congress on Kerala Studies, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, Leela (1992) Economic and social aspects of population ageing in Kerala, India. New York: UN, Department of Economic and Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, Leela and I. S. Gulati (1994) ‘Social security coverage of widows in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994e).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, Scott B., Julia A. Walsh and Kenneth S. Warren (eds) (1985) Good Health at Low Cost: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the Bellagio Conference Centre, Bellagio, Italy, April 29–May 2. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr (1969) The Nadars of Tamilnad. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herring, Ronald (1983) Land to the Tiller: The Political Economy of Land Reform in South Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herring, Ronald J. (1992) ‘Contesting the “Great Transformation”: Land and Labour in South India’. Ithaca: Cornell University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsley, Lieutenant W. H. (1860) Memoir of Travancore: Historical and Statistical: Compiled from Various Authentic Records and Personal Observation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houtart, François and Genevieve Lemercinier (1978) ‘Socio-religious movements in Kerala: a reaction to the capitalist mode of production’, Social Scientist, 6(7).

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, T. M. and S. Mohana Kumar (1991) ‘Kerala elections, 1991: lessons and non-lessons’, Economic and Political Weekly, 26(47):2691–704.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, T. M. Thomas (1985) ‘From caste consciousness to class consciousness: Alleppey coir workers during inter-war period’, Economic and Political Weekly, 20(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, T. M. Thomas (1992) Unpublished MS on the impact of the Gulf War on migration from Kerala to the Gulf states. Thiruvananthapuram.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, T. M. Thomas (1994) ‘The Left movement in Kerala: lessons of the past and challenges of the present’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, T. M. Thomas and K. N. Harilal (1997) ‘Planning for empowerment: people’s campaign for decentralised planning in Kerala’, Economic and Political Weekly, 32(1 and 2):53–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, T. M. Thomas and P. K. Michael Tharakan (1986a) An Enquiry into the Historical Roots of Backwardness of Kerala: A Study of Travancore Region, Working Paper 215. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, T. M. Thomas and P. K. Michael Tharakan (1986b) Sree Narayana Movement in Travancore, 1888–1939: A Study of Social Basis and Ideological Reproduction, Working Paper 214. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishwaran, K. (ed.) (1970) Change and Continuity in India’s Villages. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyer, L. A. Krishna (1968) Social History of Kerala, Vol. I. Madras: Book Centre Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyer, L. A. Krishna (1970) Social History of Kerala, Vol. II. Madras: Book Centre Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyer, L. K. Anantha Krishna (1912, reprinted 1981) The Tribes and Castes of Cochin. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, L. R. and Minhas, B. S. (1991) ‘Rural and urban consumer price indices by commodity groups (States and All-India: 1970–1 to 1983)’, Sarvekshana, 15(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, Robin (1976) The Decline of Nayar Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847–1908. Delhi: Vikas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, Robin (1987a) ‘Culture of daily newspapers in India: how it’s grown, what it means’, Economic and Political Weekly, 22(14):607–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, Robin (1987b) ‘Culture and governments: how women made Kerala literate’, Pacific Affairs 60(4):447–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, Robin (1992) Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became a Model. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, Robin (ed.) (1978) People, Princes and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jose, A. V. (1980) Agricultural Labourers in Kerala: An Historical and Statistical Analysis, Ph. D. thesis, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jose, A. V. (1994) ‘Social policy towards wage determination: some lessons from the Indian states’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S. V. (1992) ‘Educational growth among the depressed classes in Kerala: formulating a hypothesis’, Journal of Education and Social Change, 6(1 ):68–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabir, M. (1994) ‘Socio-religious reform movements among the Muslims of Kerala: c.1900–1930’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabir, M. and Krishnan, T. N. (1991) ‘Social intermediation and health transition: lessons from Kerala’, paper for a seminar on ‘Health and Development in India’, New Delhi 2–4 January, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan, K. P. (1988) Of Rural Proletarian Struggles: Mobilisation and Organisation of Rural Workers in Southwest India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan, K. P. (1993) Public Intervention and Poverty Alleviation: A Study of the Declining Incidence of Poverty in Kerala. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan, K. P. and K. Pushpangadan (1990) ‘Dissecting agricultural stagnation in Kerala: an analysis across crops, seasons and regions’, Economic and Political Weekly, Sept.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan, K. P., K. R. Thankappan, V. Ramankutty and K. P. Aravindan (1991) Health and Development in Rural Kerala: A Study of the Linkages between Socioeconomic Status and Health Status. Palakkad: Integrated Rural Technology Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karat, Prakash (1973) ‘Agrarian relations in Malabar: 1925–1948’, Social Scientist, 2(2):24–37; (3):30–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karat, Prakash (1994) Valedictory address, International Congress on Kerala Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooiman, Dick (1989) Conversion and Social Equality in India: The London Missionary Society in South Travancore in the 19th Century. Delhi: Manohar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnakumari, R. R. and Alexander George (1994) ‘Occupational structure of labour force with special reference to the role of women in the agrarian economy of Kuttanad’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, T. N. (1976) ‘Demographic transition in Kerala: facts and factors’, Economic and Political Weekly, 11(31–33):1203–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, T. N. (1991) Kerala’s Health Transition: Facts and Factors. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, T. N. (1992) ‘EMS on Kerala’s planning and development: a comment’, Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, T. N. (1994) ‘Foreign remittance, consumption and income’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, Rachel (1994) ‘Emerging trends in female unemployment in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurien, C. T. (1994) ‘Kerala’s development experience: random comments about the past and some considerations for the future’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurien, John (1991) Kerala’s Marine Fisheries: The Socio-Economic Profile. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusalakumari, P. (1994) ‘Education and social changes among Pulayas of Travancore’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusuman, K. K. (1973) Slavery in Travancore. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Historical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leela Kumari, P. (1994) ‘Social mobility among scheduled caste women in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eenin, V. I. (1921/1966) ‘The New Economic Policy and the Tasks of the Political Education Departments: Report to the Second All-Russia Congress of Political Education Departments’, 17 Oct. 1921. Collected Works. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Moscow, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, Karl (1853/1959) ‘India’, in K. Marx and F. Engels, On Colonialism. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mateer, Samuel (1871) The Land of Charity: A Descriptive Account of Travancore and its People, With Especial Reference to Missionary Labour. London: John Snow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mateer, Samuel (1883) Native Life in Travancore. London: John Snow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathew, Ashley (1994) ‘Education: the key to occupational mobility among women’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathew, E. T. (1994) ‘Some socio-economic aspects of educated unemployment in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, Adrian (1952) Land and Society in Malabar. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mencher, Joan (1994) ‘The Kerala model of development: the excluded ones’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, C. Achyuta (1923) T. Sankunni Menon: Diwan of Cochin. Trichur: V. Sundra Iyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, Leela (1992) ‘Kerala’s mythical yagas’, Indian Express, 28 April.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, Parvathi (1992) ‘The Putrakameshti yaga: all for a son’, Frontline, 6–19 June:9, 12, 72–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, T. K. Krishna (1949) The Days That Were (Memoirs). Ernakulam: Industrial School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Roland E. (1992) Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends, revised edn. Madras: Orient Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minhas, B. S. and L. R.Jain (1990) ‘Incidence of rural poverty in different states and All-India: 1970–1 to 1983’, in Agricultural Development Policy: Adjustments and Reorientation, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minhas, B. S., L. R. Jain and M. R. Saluja (1990) ‘State-specific urban consumer price differentials relative to All-India for middle fractiles and total population: 1961–1983’, Indian Economic Review, 25(2):207–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan Das, R. (1992) ‘Growth and spatial distribution of agriculture in Kerala’, Agricultural Situation in India (December): 683–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohandas, M. (1994) ‘Paradox of high poverty and high PQLI in Kerala: facts and fallacies’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, Chandan and T. M. Thomas Isaac, (1994) ‘Nine observations on educated unemployment in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Christopher J. L. and Lincoln C. Chen (1992) ‘Understanding morbidity change’, Population and Development Review, 18(3):481–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nag, Moni (1983) ‘Impact of social and economic development on morbidity: comparative study of Kerala and West Bengal’, Economic and Political Weekly, 18(19–21):877–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, K. N. Shyamasudaran (1994) ‘Constraints to Kerala’s development, or What ails Kerala’s agriculture?’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, P. R. Gopinathan (1974) ‘Decline in birth rate in Kerala: a hypothesis about the interrelationship between demographic variables, health services and education’, Economic and Political Weekly, 9:323–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, P. R. Gopinathan (1981) Primary Education, Population Growth and Socio-Economic Change: A Comparative Study with Particular Reference to Kerala. New Delhi: Allied Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, P. R. Gopinathan (1994) ‘Broad trends in migration to the Middle East: a note’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar, T. K. Gangadharan (1982) Growth of Class Consciousness Among the Peasantry of North Malabar, Kerala, 1934–42, M. Phil. dissertation, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiripad, E. M. S. (1942) ‘In Kerala: our sisters make history’, People’s War, 20 December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiripad, E. M. S. (1943/1985) ‘A short history of the peasant movement in Malabar’, in Namboodiripad (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiripad, E. M. S. (1976) How 1 Became a Communist, trans. P. K. Nair, Thiruvananthapuram: Chinta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiripad, E. M. S. (1984) Kerala: Society and Politics: An Historical Survey. New Delhi: National Book Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiripad, E. M. S. (1985) Selected Writings, Vol. 2. Calcutta: National Book Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiripad, E. M. S. (1994a) Presidential Address, International Congress on Kerala Studies, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Namboodiripad, E. M. S. (1994b) The Communist Party in Kerala: Six Decades of Advance and Struggle. New Delhi: National Book Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayana, D. (1992) Interaction of Price and Technology in the Presence of Structural Specificities: An Analysis of Crop Production in Kerala, Ph. D. thesis submitted to the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA) (1986) ‘Workshop-cum-Seminar on Educational Developments in Kerala: 27–28 October 1986: Report’. Delhi: NIEPA.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (1991) Report of Repeat Surveys (1988–90). Hyderabad: National Institute of Nutrition.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1977) ‘Consumer expenditure, NSS 28th round (1973–74)’ Sarvekshana, 1(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1978) ‘NSS 25th round (July 1970–June 1971), No. 231, Tables with notes on consumer expenditure’, Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1979) ‘Consumer expenditure, NSS 27th round (October 1972–September 1973)’, Sarvekshana, 2(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1986a) ‘Some results on the second quinquennial survey on consumer expenditure, NSS 32nd round’, Sarvekshana, 9(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1986b) ‘Results on the third quinquennial survey on consumer expenditure: NSS 38th round’, Sarvekshana, 9(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1989) ‘Results on consumer expenditure, NSS 42nd round (1986–87)’, Sarvekshana, 12(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1990) ‘Results on utilisation of public distribution system, 42nd round, (July 1986 to June 1987)’, Sarvekshana, April–June.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1991a) ‘Results on Participation in Education (All-India), 42nd round, (July 1986 to June 1987)’, Sarvekshana, 14(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1991b) ‘Child and Maternity Care, 42nd round, (July 1986 to June 1987)’, Sarvekshana, 14(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1991c) ‘Fourth quinquennial survey on consumer expenditure, 43rd round, (July 1987 to June 1988)’, Sarvekshana, 15(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1993) ‘Results on Participation in Education for 8 Major States, 42nd round, (July 1986 to June 1987)’, Sarvekshana, 16(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Sample Survey (1996) ‘No. 400 Household Consumer Expenditure and Employment Situation in India, NSS 49th round: (Jan 1993–June 1993)’. New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayanar, E. K. (1982) My Struggles: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Vikas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayanar, E. K. (1997a) A Note on the Approach to the Ninth Plan, National Development Council Meeting, 16 January, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayanar, E. K. (1997b) ‘The Approach to the Ninth Plan’ Speech by E. K. Nayanar, Chief Minister, Kerala, National Development Council Meeting, 16 January, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayar, P. K. B. (1994) ‘Social and economic implications of ageing in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nossiter, T. J. (1982) Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panikar, P. G. K. (1979) ‘Resources not the constraint on health improvement: a case study of Kerala’, Economic and Political Weekly, 14(44):1803–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panikar, P. G. K. and C. R. Soman (1985) Health Status of Kerala: The Paradox of Economic Backwardness and Health Development. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panikkar, K. N. (1989) Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar, 1836–1921. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter, Ivy (1987) History of the Ezhavas of Kerala, Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puthenkulam, Fr. J. (1977) Marriage and the family in Kerala with special reference to matrilineal castes, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, monograph series, Calgary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan, P. (1989) Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1936–82. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj, K. N. (1992) ‘Land reform and complementary measures in Kerala’, IASSI Quarterly, 10(3):20–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj, K. N. (1994) ‘Has there been a “Kerala model”?’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj, K. N. and P. K. Michael Tharakan (1983) ‘Agrarian reform in Kerala and its impact on the rural economy: a preliminary assessment’, in Ajit Kumar Ghose (ed.) Agrarian Reform in Contemporary DevelopingCountries. London and New York: Groom Helm and St Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, V. K. (1997) ‘On Kerala’s development achievements’, in Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen (eds), Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, Mary (1994) ‘A new bill which proposes to protect the rights of Christian women in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saradamoni, K. (1980) Emergence of a Slave Caste: Pulayas of Kerala. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saradamoni, K. (1981) Divided Poor: Study of a Kerala Village. Delhi: Ajanta Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saradamoni, K. (1994a) ‘Kerala society and politics’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sathian, Lelithabai (1994) ‘Analysis of agricultural growth in Kerala’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, Amartya (1984) ‘Rights and Capabilities’, A. Sen, Resources, Values and Development. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiva Kumar, A. K. (1991) ‘UNDP’s Human Development Index: a computation for Indian states’, Economic and Political Weekly, 26(41):2343–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivanandan, P. (1979) ‘Caste, class and economic opportunity in Kerala: An empirical analysis’, Economic and Political Weekly, 14(7–8):475–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soman, C. R. (1993) ‘Health and fertility transition: lessons from Kerala’, K. S. Sanjeevi Lecture, Madras.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subrahmanian, K. K. (1990) ‘Development paradox in Kerala: analysis of industrial stagnation’, Economic and Political Weekly, 25(37):2053–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subrahmanian, K. K. and P. Mohanan Pillai (1993) ‘Modern small industry in Kerala: a review of structural change and growth performance’, Working Paper, Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surendran, P. K. (1993) ‘Women empowerment below par in Kerala’, Times of India, 22 October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tendulkar, S. D. and L. R. Jain (1993) ‘An analysis of inter-state and inter-commodity group rural-urban consumer prices in India; 1983 to 1988–89’, Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, 5(2):267–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tharakan, P. K. Michael (1984) ‘Socio-economic factors in educational development: case of nineteenth-century Travancore’, Economic and Political Weekly, 19(45 and 46): 10 and 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tharakan, P. K. Michael (1990) The Ernakulam Total Literacy Programme (mimeo). Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tharakan, P. K. Michael (1991) ‘Socio-religious reform movements and demand for indicators of development: Thiruvithamkoor, 1860–1930,’ paper presented to the 11th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993) Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varghese, T. C. (1970) Agrarian Change and Economic Consequences: Land Tenures in Kerala 1850–1960. Bombay: Allied Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velayudhan, Meera (1992) ‘A voice from the Women’s Movement in Kerala: Meera Velayudhan in conversation with Kalikutty Asatty’, Women’s Equality, 5(1):34–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, Lt. B. S. and Lt. P. E. Conner (1816–20) Geographical and Statistical Memoir of the Survey of Travancore and Cochin States, Vol. 1. Madras (1827), reprinted Travancore: Sircar Press (1863).

    Google Scholar 

  • Washbrook, David (1994) ‘Kerala in eighteenth-century perspective’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, Myron (1991) The Child and the State in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yesudas, R. N. (1978) ‘The English and the Christians of Kerala, 1800–1836’, Journal of Kerala Studies, 5(1):83–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah, K. C. (1992) Demographic Transition in Kerala in the 1980s: Results of a Survey in Three Districts, with contributions by S. Irudaya Rajan, K. Navaneetham, P. S. Sarma, U. S. Mishra, and P. S. Gopinathan Nair. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies, and Ahmedabad: Gujarat Institute of Area Planning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah, K. C. (1994) ‘Demographic transition in Kerala: a response to official policies and programmes’, in A. K. G. Centre for Research and Studies (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariah, K. C. and Sulekha Patel (1982) ‘Trends and determinants of infant and child morbidity in Kerala’, Discussion Paper 82-2. Washington, DC: World Bank. Population and Human Resources Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zograph, G. A. (1960/1982) The Languages of India: A Guide, translated from the original Russian edition of 1960. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

Serial publications

  • Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy, Economic Intelligence Service, Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices and Consumer Prices, Bombay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of India, Ministry of Labour, Labour Bureau, Indian Labour Statistics, Chandigarh/Shimla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of India, Ministry of Labour, Labour Bureau, Indian Labour Year Book, Chandigarh/Shimla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Census of India 1891–1991, various volumes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Census of Travancore 1875–1891, various volumes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Census of Cochin 1875, 1891.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. V. K. Ramachandran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva, Switzerland

    Dharam Ghai (Director) (Director)

Copyright information

© 2000 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ramachandran, V.K. (2000). Human Development Achievements in an Indian State: A Case Study of Kerala. In: Ghai, D. (eds) Social Development and Public Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374232_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation