Abstract
For the last 25 years, the liberal democracies of Western Europe have been struggling with the problem of how to respond to terrorism in a manner that is consistent with their own norms of legitimacy and acceptability. One of the key foundations of the modern liberal state is the requirement that the government of the day serves to protect the security of its citizens by enacting and enforcing laws which are designed to protect their fundamental interests. Given the basic attack that terrorism poses to the right of the individual to exist in a setting that is free from the arbitrary coercion and violence of others, it is consequently vital that the liberal state acts against this mode of violence in a firm manner.
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Notes
Alex Schmid, ‘Terrorism and Democracy’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 15.
See Ronald Pennock, Liberal Democracy: Its Merits and Prospects (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1950), pp. 13–20 and 98–100.
John Mill, On Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 65.
See generally John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London: Everyman’s Library, 1986).
For Hobbes, the greatest good was Order, defined as civil peace, and the greatest evil was internal conflict/anarchy, defined as a condition of ‘a war of all against all’. Hobbes insists on an ultra-positivist Thrasymachian position, arguing that the power of the Leviathan must be absolute as only then will it be able to guarantee civil peace. See Thomas Hobbes, ‘Leviathan’, in Jene Porter, ed., Classics in Political Philosophy (Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 1989), 261–82
David Apter, Introduction to Political Analysis (Cambridge: Winthrop Publishers Inc., 1977), pp. 80–3; Raphael, Problems of Political Philosophy, pp. 77–8
Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State (London: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 8–10.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Knopf, 1945), pp. 634–5.
Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago, 1960), p. 401.
See, for instance, D. Manning, Liberalism (London: Dent, 1976), pp. 68–70.
Martha Crenshaw, ‘The Concept of Revolutionary Terrorism’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution 16/(3) (1972): 388.
See, for instance, Daniel Moynihan, ‘Terrorists, Totalitarians, and the Rule of Law’, in Benjamin Netanyahu (ed.), Terrorism. How the West Can Win (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1986), p. 42
Paul Wilkinson, ‘Pathways Out of Terrorism for Democratic Societies’, in Paul Wilkinson and Alasdair Stewart (eds), Contemporary Research on Terrorism (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), p. 454.
Grant Wardlaw, Political Terrorism. Theory, Tactics and Counter-Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 69.
See Ronald Crelinsten and Alex Schmid, ‘Western Responses to Terrorism: A Twenty Five Year Balance Sheet’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 332–3.
See G. Davidson Smith, Combating Terrorism (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 48–9.
Jeannou Lacaze, Report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Security on Terrorism and its Effects on Security in Europe (European Parliament Session Documents, A3-0058/94, 2 February 1994), p. 8.
See generally Otto Kirchheimer, Political Justice (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961).
See Kurt Groenwold, ‘The German Federal Republic’s Response and Civil Liberties’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 143–5
Peter Janke, Terrorism and Democracy (London: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 128–9; and Hans Horchem, ‘Terrorism in Germany: 1985’, in Wilkinson and Stewart (eds), Contemporary Research on Terrorism, p. 158.
See Gilbert Guillaume, ‘France and the Fight against Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 132.
See Edward Moxon-Browne, ‘Terrorism and the Spanish State: The Violent Bid for Basque Autonomy’, in H. Tucker (ed.), Combating the Terrorists: Democratic Responses to Political Violence (New York: Center for Security Studies, 1988), p. 166
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See Alison Jamieson, ‘The Italian Experience’, in Alison Jamieson, Juliet Lodge and Richard Clutterbuck, Conflict Studies 233: Counter-Terrorism in Europe: Implications of 1992 (London: RISCT, 1991), p. 16; Peter Janke, Terrorism and Democracy, pp. 150–2
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C. Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States (Cambridge: Polity, 1990), p. 19.
Monica den Boer and Neil Walker, ‘European Policing After 1992’, Journal of Common Market Studies 31 (1) (March 1993): 17.
Conor Gearty, Terror (London: Faber & Faber, 1991), p. 141. See also Davidson Smith, Combating Terrorism, pp. 166–9
See, for instance, T. Bowden, ‘Guarding the State: The Police Response to Crisis Politics in Europe’, British Journal of Law and Society 5 (1978): 85.
See Leslie Macfarlane, ‘Human Rights and the Fight Against Terrorism in Northern Ireland’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(1) (Spring 1992): 93–4
John Stalker, Stalker: Ireland, ‘Shoot to Kill’ and the ‘Affair’ (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1988).
Leroy Thompson, ‘NCOS’, The Elite 10 (1986): 2367.
Roger Hillsman, ‘Intelligence Through the Eyes of the Policy Maker’, in R. Blum (ed.), Surveillance and Espionage in a Free Society (New York: Irvington Press, 1973), 163.
See Karel de Gucht, Annual Report of the Committee on Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs on Respect for Human Rights in the European Community (European Parliament Session Documents, A3-0025/93, 27 January 1993), pp. 48–51.
See, for instance, Duncan Campbell, ‘Society Under Surveillance’, in Peter Hain (ed.), Policing the Police, Volume 2 (London: John Calder, 1980), pp. 65–152; David Wise, The American Police State (New York: Vintage Books)
P. Hewitt, Privacy — The Information Gatherers (London: NCCL, 1980)
James Michael, ‘Privacy’, in M. Wallington (ed.), Civil Liberties 1984 (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1984), pp. 131–52
Della Porta, ‘Institutional Responses to Terrorism: The Italian Case’, 153. See also Paul Furlong, ‘Political Terrorism in Italy: Responses, Reactions and Immobilism’, in Juliet Lodge (ed.), Terrorism: A Challenge to the State (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981), pp. 57–90.
S. Rodota, ‘La risposta dello stato al terrorismo: gli apparati’, in G. Pasquino (ed.), La prova delle armi (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1984), p. 83.
Schmid, ‘Countering Terrorism in the Netherlands’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 96.
W. B. Jaehnig, ‘Journalists and Terrorism: Captives of the Libertarian Tradition’, Indiana Law Journal 53 (4) (1978): 743.
D. Carmichael, ‘Of Beasts, Gods and Civilized Men: The Justification of Terrorism and of Counterterrorist Measures’, Terrorism: An International Journal 6 (1) (1982): 4.
Cesare De Piccoli, Report of the Committee on Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs on the Resurgence of Racism and Xenophobia in Europe and the Danger of Right-Wing Extremist Violence (European Parliament Session Documents, A3-0127/93, 1 April 1993), p. 12.
M. Zagari, ‘Combating Terrorism: Report of the Committee of Legal Affairs and Citizens’ Rights of the European Parliament’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 297.
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© 1996 Peter Chalk
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Chalk, P. (1996). The Liberal Response to Terrorism. In: West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374195_6
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