Abstract
With the spectacular collapse of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s/early 1990s it was confidently assumed that the international system was on the threshold of an era of unprecedented peace and stability. Politicians, diplomats and academics alike began to forecast the imminent establishment of a new world order, increasingly dominated by democratic political institutions that would develop within the context of an integrated international economic system based on the principles of the free market.1 As this ‘new world security order’ gradually extended its influence, so it was assumed that disrupting influences to international stability would become increasingly marginalized and peripheral.
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Notes
Richard Latter, ‘Terrorism in the 1990s’, Wilton Park Papers 44 (November 1991): 2.
For a concise overview of the terrorist threat in the 1990s, see Richard Clutterbuck, International Conflict and Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1993), pp. 216–18.
For a good analysis of this communique see Dennis Pluchinsky, ‘Germany’s Red Army Faction: An Obituary’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 16(2) (April-June 1993): 135–57.
David Bonner, ‘United Kingdom: The United Kingdom Response to Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 171. The latest demographic figures for Northern Ireland put the Protestants at 975 000 and the Catholics at 650 000. Statistics cited in ‘Ulster Talks Are Moribund: Growing Violence is Feared’, The New York Times, 22/07/93.
See Arthur Aughey, ‘Political Violence in Northern Ireland’, in H. Tucker (ed.), Combating the Terrorists. Democratic Responses to Political Violence (New York: Center for Security Studies, 1988), pp. 78–9.
See also Leslie Macfarlane, ‘The Right to Self-Determination in Ireland and the Justification of IRA Violence’, Terrorism and Political Violence 2(1) (Spring 1990): 35–53
J. Bowyer-Bell, ‘The Irish Troubles Analysed’, Terrorism and Political Violence 5(1) (Winter 1993).
For further details see Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism, Drugs and Crime in Europe After 1992 (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 82–4 and Aughey, ‘Political Violence in Northern Ireland’, 109.
See generally Dennis Pluchinsky, ‘Middle Eastern Terrorist Activity in Western Europe in the 1980s: A Decade of Violence’, in Yonah Alexander and Dennis Pluchinsky (eds), European Terrorism Today and Tomorrow (New York: Brassey’s, 1992), pp. 1–41.
Jeff Builta, ‘The Origins and Future of Terrorist Acts’, Criminal Justice Europe 3(5) (September-October 1993): 6.
Peter Burleigh, Terrorism: Efforts Towards International Solutions (Paper presented before the 1992 World-Wide Anti-Terrorism Conference, Kansas, 23 June 1992).
See Harold Cubert, ‘The Militant Palestinian Organisations and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(1) (Spring 1992): 32.
See ‘Stoked by Ethnic Conflict, Refugee Numbers Swell’, The New York Times, 10/11/93. See also Monica den Boer, Immigration, Internal Security and Policing in Europe, Working Paper VIII in Series ‘A System of European Police Cooperation After 1992’ (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, February 1993), p. 5.
See Glyn Ford, Report of the Findings of the European Parliament Committee of Inquiry on Racism and Xenophobia (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991), pp. 19–20
For a good account of the extreme right in Belgium, see John Fitzmaurice, ‘The Extreme Right in Belgium’, Parliamentary Affairs 45 (3) (July 1992): 300–8.
See ‘Germans Begin to Recognize Danger in Neo-Nazis’ Surge’, The New York Times, 21/10/93. The estimated membership of these organizations was put at 40 000 at the end of 1992. See Andreas Juhnke, ‘The Hydra-Headed Monster of Germany’, New Statesman and Society (December 1992): 12.
For details of the force see Don Hammontree, ‘New Police Force to Stamp Out Neo-Nazi Groups’, Criminal Justice Europe 3(1) (January—February 1993): 17.
Control Risks Information Services, Country Risk Service, April 1993 (London: Control Risks Information Services Limited, 1993), 121–2.
See Ronald McMullen, ‘Ethnic Conflict in Russia: Implications for the United States’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 16(3) (July-September 1993): 201–218; McMullen’s piece gives a good overview of the dynamics of ethnic conflict in the Russian Federation.
See Alex Schmid, ‘Western Responses to Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence 4(4) (Winter 1992): 21. A draft Commission directive on the control of acquisition and possession of weapons does exist but as of January 1994, it had still to come into force
For further details see Commission of the European Communities, Completing the Internal Market ’92: The Elimination of Frontier Controls (Luxembourg: Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992), 40–2
Commission of the European Communities, Criminal Justice Europe 3(2) (March-April 1993): 3.
Information obtained from Donald Kerr, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 18/05/93. See also George Perkovich, ‘The Plutonium Genie’, Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993): 153–6.
See Commission of the European Communities, From Single Market to European Union (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992), pp. 5–6.
Michael Spencer, Civil Liberties and the Abolition of Internal Frontiers (Paper presented at Conference on Justice in the European Community, Leicester, 30 September 1993).
See, for instance, Wilkinson, ‘Can the European Community Develop a Concerted Policy on Terrorism?’ in Lawrence Howard (ed.), Terrorism. Roots, Impacts, Responses (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1992), 169
Shirley Williams, ‘Sovereignty and Accountability in the European Community’, in Robert Keohane (ed.), New European Community: Decision Making and Institutional Change (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 169–70.
Frank Gregory, Image and Reality in British Border Control Policy 1988–1993 (Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Session of Workshops, Madrid, 17–22 April 1994), p. 23.
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© 1996 Peter Chalk
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Chalk, P. (1996). West European Terrorism in the 1990s. In: West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374195_5
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