Abstract
The world eagerly anticipated South Africa’s dramatic political changes in the 1990s. In May 1994 Nelson Mandela became the country’s first black president, a long-awaited moment for many South Africans. Significant events in the 1980s preceded the end of white minority rule in South Africa, including the effective protest of apartheid laws by the masses, the intensification of international pressure, and the initiation of political change by P.W. Botha.
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Notes
The paragraphs that follow rely on O’Meara’s analysis of the Botha years. See Dan O’Meara, Forty Lost Years (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1996), 224–393
Brian Pottinger’s, The Imperial Presidency: P.W. Botha (Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers, 1988).
For a more nuanced description concerning the NP verligte/verkrampte camps in the 1970s and 1980s, see Hermann Giliomee, ‘Apartheid, Verligtheid, and Liberalism’, in Democratic Liberalism in South Africa: Its History and Prospect, ed. Jeffrey Butler, Richard Elphick, and David Welsh (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1987), 363–84.
J.B. Knight, ‘A Comparative Analysis of South Africa as a Semi-Industrialized Developing Country’, Journal of Modern African Studies 26 (1988): 475.
N. Nattrass and Elisabeth Ardington, eds. The Political Economy of South Africa (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1990)
S. Gelb, South Africa’s Economic Crisis (Cape Town: David Philip, 1991).
Leonard Thompson, A History of South Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 223.
O’Meara, Forty Lost Years, 259–69. The twelve-point plan or principles of total strategy were revealed at the Natal National Party Congress in August 1979. For an extended discussion of ‘total strategy’, see Robert M. Price, The Apartheid State in Crisis: Political Transformation in South Africa, 1975–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 79–189.
See Stanley B. Greenberg, ‘Ideological Struggles within the South African State,’ in The Politics of Class, Race and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century South Africa, ed. Shula Marks and Stanley Trapido (London: Longman, 1987), 389–418
John Pampallis, Foundations of the New South Africa (Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, 1991), 279–80.
The state’s acquiescence of IFP needs, ‘third force activity’, and the IFP’s position on issues like economic sanctions led to the intense political rivalry between the IFP and ANC-affiliated groups like the UDF and COSATU in the 1980s and 1990s. See John Brewer, ‘From Ancient Rome to Kwazulu: Inkatha in South African Polities’, in South Africa: No Turning Back, ed. Shaun Johnson (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 353–74
M. Kentridge, An Unofficial War: Inside the Conflict in Pietermaritzburg (Cape Town: David Philip, 1990).
Mark Mitchell and Dave Russell, ‘Black Unions and Political Change in South Africa’, in Can South Africa Survive? Five Minutes to Midnight, ed. John D. Brewer (London: Macmillan, 1989), 234–6.
Timothy D. Sisk, ‘White Politics in South Africa: Polarization under Pressure’, Africa Today 36 (1989): 32–4.
For a description of the intricate reorganization of South Africa’s state structures, see Annette Seegers, ‘South Africa’s National Security Management System, 1972–90’, Journal of Modern African Studies 29 (1991): 253–73
Mark Swilling and Mark Phillips, ‘The Emergency State: Its Structures, Power and Limits’, in South Africa Review, vol. 5, ed. Glenn Moss and Ingrid Obery (London: Hans Zell, 1990), 68–90.
For an elaboration of South Africa’s destabilization campaigns, see Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986)
Phyllis Johnson and D. Martin, Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at War (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1986).
Mark Swilling, ‘The United Democratic Front and Township Revolt’, in Popular Struggles in South Africa, ed. William Cobbett and Robin Cohen (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1988), 90–113.
Shaun Johnson, The Soldiers of Luthuli: Youth in the Politics of Resistance in South Africa’, in South Africa: No Turning Back, 94–152; and Eddie Webster, ‘The Rise of Social-Movement Unionism: The Two Faces of the Black Trade Union Movement in South Africa’, in State, Resistance and Change in South Africa, ed. Philip Frankel, Noam Pines and Mark Swilling (New York: Croom Helm, 1988), 174–96.
Constructive engagement entailed a supportive foreign policy approach to South Africa in an effort to reform apartheid. See George Klay Kieh, ‘Beyond the Facade of Constructive Engagement: A Critical Examination of the United States Foreign Policy Toward Southern Africa’, Africa Quarterly 26 (1988): 1–15.
Cosmas Desmond, ‘Sanctions and South Africa’, Third World Quarterly 8 (1986), 81.
Frene Ginwala, ‘The Case for Sanctions’, in South Africa in Question, ed. John Lonsdale (London: James Currey, 1988)
Kenneth Hermele and Bertil Oden, Sanctions Dilemmas (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1988)
George Shepherd, ed., Effective Sanctions (New York: Praeger, 1991).
For a summary of the UN’s involvement in apartheid since the late 1940s, see Newell M. Stultz, ‘The Apartheid Issue at the General Assembly: Stalemate or Gathering Storm?’, African Affairs 86 (1987): 25–45
See, for example, Kinghorn, Theology of Separate Equality’, 69–73 and J.H.P. Serfontein, Apartheid, Change and the NGK (Emmarentia: Taurus, 1982).
See Craig Charney, ‘Class Conflict and the National Party Split’, Journal of Southern African Studies 10 (1984): 269–82.
Hermann Giliomee, ‘Broedertwis: Intra-Afrikaner Conflicts in the Transition from Apartheid’, African Affairs 91 (1992): 339–64.
Jaap Durand and Dirkie Smit, ‘The Afrikaner Churches on War and Violence’, in Theology and Violence, ed. Charles Villa-Vicencio (Johannesburg: Skotaville Publishers, 1987), 31–49.
See David J. Bosch, Adrio König, and Willem Nicol, eds., Perspektief Op die Ope Brief (Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau, 1982)
N.J. Smith, F.E.O’B Geldenhuys, and P. Meiring, eds., Stormkompas (Kaapstad: Tafelberg-Uitgewers, 1981).
See, for example, ‘Die Breë Moderatuur se Leiding oop die Ope Brief, Die Kerkbode 134, no. 25 (1982): 6; J.A. Heyns, ‘Waarom Hierdie Ope Brief ‘n Belangrike Gebeurtenis is’, Die Kerkbode 134, no. 24 (1982): 5
For excellent background information on mixed marriages legislation, see Patrick Furlong, ‘Improper Intimacy: Afrikaans Churches, the National Party and the Anti-Miscegenation Laws’, South African Historical Journal 31 (1994): 55–79.
Etienne de Villiers and Johann Kinghorn, Op die Skaal: Gemengde Huwelike en Ontug (Kaapstad: Tafelberg-Uitgewers, 1984).
See Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, The Opening of the Apartheid Mind: Options for the New South Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993)
Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991)
Johannes Rantete and Hermann Giliomee, Transition to Democracy through Transaction: Bilateral Negotiations between the ANC and NP in South Africa’, African Affairs 91 (1992): 515–42
Timothy D. Sisk, Democratization in South Africa: The Elusive Social Contract (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
See Adam and Moodley, The Opening of the Apartheid Mnd, Chapter 1 or Steven Friedman, ‘South Africa’s Reluctant Transition’, Journal of Democracy 4 (1993): 56–9.
John Pampallis, Foundations of the New South Africa (Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, 1991), 302.
The Broederbond’s support for political restructuring was also notable. According to Hermann Giliomee, the AB released two documents in 1989 that recommended a negotiated settlement to protect group rights. The documents even suggested the end to white control of the government. See Hermann Giliomee, ‘The Last Trek? Afrikaners in the Transition to Democracy’, South Africa International 22 (1992): 113–14.
Annette Strauss, ‘The 1992 Referendum in South Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies 31 (1993): 339–60.
See Hermann Giliomee and Lawrence Schlemmer, From Apartheid to Nation Building (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1989)
Arend Lijphart, Power-Sharing in South Africa (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Policy Papers in International Affairs, 1985).
Michael MacDonald, ‘The Siren’s Song: The Political Logic of Power-Sharing in South Africa’, Journal of Southern Africa Studies 18 (1992): 709–25
Rupert Taylor, ‘South Africa: A Consociational Path to Peace?’, Transformation 17 (1992): 1–11.
David Welsh, ‘The Executive and the African Population — 1948 to the Present’, in Malan to De Klerk, ed. Robert Schrire (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 196.
‘The Rustenburg Declaration’, in The Road to Rustenburg: The Church Looking Forward to a New South Africa, ed. Louw Alberts and Frank Chikane (Cape Town: Struik House, 1991), 277. See also Douglas Bax, ‘The Vereeniging Consultation: What Happened?’, Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 68 (1989): 62
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© 1999 Tracy Kuperus
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Kuperus, T. (1999). NGK-State Relations during Apartheid’s Demise (1979–94). In: State, Civil Society and Apartheid in South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230373730_6
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