Abstract
After leading in the opinion polls during the campaign, Labour’s defeat in the 1970 general election came as a surprise. One consequence of the result was that the opportunity existed for the party to re-think its economic policy. Many within Labour — not just leftwingers — felt that, given the government’s performance in office, it was essential for such a reappraisal to take place. Immediately after the election, Richard Clements, the editor of Tribune, attacked Labour’s economic record as a central cause of defeat1 Michael Foot talked of the administration’s ‘paralysing financial orthodoxy’.2 The MP Norman Atkinson stated, The one alternative which remains untried is the socialist alternative.’3
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References
Tribune, 26 June 1970.
Tribune, 3 July 1970.
Tribune, 31 July 1970.
Patrick Seyd, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Left (London, Macmillan, 1987), p. 78.
See, for example, Jack Jones, Hugh Scanlon and John Forrester (later of Labour’s NEC), LPACR (1970), pp. 114–6, 120–1, 176 and 220–1.
See Warren Fishbein, Wage Restraint by Consensus (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984), pp. 116–7.
Jack Jones, Union Man (London, Collins, 1986), p. 196.
The NEC was defeated by the conference on both issues. See NEC minutes, 27 September 1970 and 30 September 1970.
Robert Taylor, The Fifth Estate (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), pp. 197–228.
See R. Taylor, The Fifth Estate, pp. 199, 212–3, 247–50 and 272.
Stephen Bornstein and Peter Gourevitch, ‘Unions in a Declining Economy: the Case of the British TUC’, in Peter Gourevitch et al, Unions and Economic Crisis (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1984), pp. 13–88, pp. 37–41.
See, for example, Ken Coates and Tony Topham, The New Unionism (London, Peter Owen, Penguin, 1972);
and Ken Coates, ‘Converting the Unions to Socialism’, in Michael Barratt Brown and Ken Coates (eds), Trade Union Register, 3 (1973), pp. 9–46.
Samuel Finer, The Changing British Party System (Washington, AEI, 1980), p. 114. Patrick Seyd estimates that there were 14 Leftwingers on the NEC in 1973; The Rise and Fall of the Labour Left, p. 101.
Ian Mikardo, Back-bencher (London, Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1988), pp. 182–3.
See Jad Adams, Tony Benn (London, Macmillan, 1992), pp. 312–37;
and Robert Jenkins, Tony Benn (London, Writers and Readers, 1980), pp. 151–94.
LPACR (1970), p. 180.
Many PLP and shadow cabinet meetings were dominated by the European issue and how Labour should respond. See PLP minutes and PC minutes 1970–1972.
NEC minutes, 28 October 1970 and 25 November 1970; and RD: 12/September 1970, p. 4.
‘The Need for Standing Advisory or Sub-Committees’, RD: 26/November 1970; HPC minutes, 9 November 1970; Michael Hatfield, The House the Left Built (London, Victor Gollancz, 1978), p. 42;
and William Stallard, ‘The Labour Party in Opposition and Government 1970–1979’ (University of Keele PhD thesis, 1985), pp. 99–101.
RD: 47/January 1971.
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RD: 5/July 1970, p. 1.
RD: 47/January 1971, pp. 2–3; RD: 94/April 1971; and IPSC minutes, 28 April 1971 and 18 May 1971.
Michael Meacher, ‘Interview’, Politics and Power, 2 (1980), pp. 5–14, p. 8.
Peter Shore, Leading the Left (London, Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1993), p. 104.
The Times, 5 July 1972.
FEASC minutes, 29 April 1971, 15 June 1971, and 14 December 1971.
‘The Public Sector’, RD: 216/December 1971; IPSC minutes, 21 December 1971; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall (London, Michael Joseph, 1985), p. 120; and M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, pp. 88–9.
PSG minutes, 25 January 1972. Holland was coopted at the second meeting.
S. Holland and R. Pryke, ‘A State Holding Company’, RD: 271/February 1972.
IPSC minutes, 21 March 1972; and M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, pp. 121–5.
IPSC minutes, 5 April 1972.
Labour party, Labour’s Programme for Britain (1972).
RD: 336/April 1972.
IPSC minutes, 25 April 1972.
IPSC minutes, 18 April 1972, and 25 April 1972.
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See Crosland papers, 13/24. Dick Leonard wrote in the Foreword to Socialism Now ‘no longer has he the leisure or the freedom to range as widely as his whim takes him’; Anthony Crosland, Socialism Now (London, Jonathan Cape, 1975), p. 10. See also NEC minutes, 30 May 1973.
Quoted by M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, p. 57.
IPSC minutes; and M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, pp. 44–5.
The Times, 5 July 1972.
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See Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (London, Macmillan, 1991), pp. 344–53;
and David Owen, Time to Declare (London, Michael Joseph, 1991), pp. 193–205.
Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London, Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 367.
M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, p. 57.
Interview, October 1993.
See The Times, 16 September 1971; and Labour Weekly, 29 December 1972.
Speech, 9 December 1972, Crosland papers, 13/24.
NEC minutes, 24 November 1971.
See Martin Sloman, Socialising Public Ownership (London, Macmillan, 1978), pp. 14–15.
Interview, March 1994.
In Crosland’s absence! IPSC minutes, 31 October 1972.
S. Holland, ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, RD: 442/October 1972; and S. Holland, ‘The New Economic Imperatives’, RD: 473/November 1972.
IPSC minutes, 28 November 1972.
Interview, David Lipsey, October 1993.
Interview, March 1994.
PSG minutes, 15 March 1973, 29 March 1973, and 10 April 1973.
IPSC minutes, 5 April 1973; and Tony Benn, Against the Tide (London, Hutchinson, 1989), p. 17. See also HPC minutes, 9 April 1973; and NEC minutes, 18 April 1973.
NEC-PC minutes, 16 May 1973.
M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, pp. 183–6.
The Times, 14–17 May 1973; The Guardian, 14 May 1973; and M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, pp. 193–5.
The Times, 17 May 1973; and The Guardian, 17 May 1973.
NEC-PC minutes, 16 May 1973, p. 44.
The Times, 31 May 1973; M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, pp. 195–8; and P. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 122.
NEC minutes, 30 May 1973.
The Times, 1 June 1973.
Benn diary, 7 July 1973. Tony Benn, Parliament, People and Power (London, Verso, 1982), p. 26.
P. Shore, Leading the Left, p. 104. See PLP minutes, 11 July 1973.
A. Crosland, ‘The Prospects of Socialism — Nationalisation?’, Encounter, XLI (September 1973), pp. 60–61. The journalist Nora BelofF claimed that his view was shared by the majority of the shadow cabinet, Observer, 4 June 1973.
New Statesman, 8 June 1973, p. 839.
P. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 121.
The Times, 2 and 4 June 1973.
NEC minutes, 28 September 1973; and The Times, 29 September 1973.
Patrick Cosgrave, The Spectator, 6 October 1973.
Lewis Minkin, The Labour Party Conference (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1980), p. 342.
The Times, 3 October 1973.
W. Fishbein, Wage Restraint by Consensus, pp. 117–20; G. Dorfman, Government Versus Trade Unionism in British Politics since 1968 (London, Macmillan, 1979), pp. 108–12; M. Hatfield, The House the Left Built, pp. 48–9; L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, p. 337;
William Stallard, ‘Policy-Making in the Labour Party: the Liaison Committee in Opposition and Government 1970–1979’, Teaching Politics, 16 (1987), pp. 42–55;
and Andrew Taylor, Trade Unions and the Labour Party (London, Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 6–9.
See RD: 199/November 1971.
LC minutes, 25 September 1972.
LC minutes, 21 February 1972, 20 March 1972, 22 May 1972, 19 June 1972 and 24 July 1972.
LC minutes, 22 January 1973 and 29 January 1973. See the account given by S. Bornstein and P. Gourevitch, ‘Unions in a Declining Economy: the Case of the British TUC’, pp. 42–45; Jonathan Boston, ‘The Theory and Practice of Voluntary Incomes Policies with Particular Reference to the British Labour Government’s Social Contract 1974–1979’ (Oxford University DPhil thesis, 1983); W. Fishbein, Wage Restraint by Consensus, pp. 117–132; and Andrew Taylor, Trade Unions and the Labour Party, pp. 22–30.
See, for example, TUC, Collective Bargaining and the Social Contract (1974).
See, for example, Philip Ziegler’s judgement; Wilson (London, Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1993), p. 392.
Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76 (London, Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1980), p. 10.
See, for example, David Basnett, ‘Working Out the Social Contract’, Socialist Commentary (October 1974), pp. 3–5.
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Interview, TUC Official, August 1993.
Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, Harper Collins, 1992), p. 604.
Interview, TUC Official, August 1993.
S. Bornstein and P. Gourevitch, ‘Unions in a Declining Economy: the Case of the British TUC’, p. 44.
M. Meacher, ‘Interview’, p. 7.
J. Boston, ‘The Theory and Practice of Voluntary Incomes Policies with Particular Reference to the British Labour Government’s Social Contract 1974–1979’, p. 178; and W. Fishbein, Wage Restraint by Consensus, pp. 124 and 131.
LC minutes, 4 January 1974; and B. Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76, pp. 18–20.
Interview, October 1993.
TUC, Annual Report (1973), pp. 606–7.
See RD: 900/October 1973 on policies of the TGWU; and RD: 897/October 1973 on the GMWU. Both supported public ownership.
RD: 438/October 1972, p. 1.
Interview, TUC Official, August 1993.
For accounts see P. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 51–98; Martin Holmes, Political Pressure and Economic Policy (London, Butterworth, 1982);
and Colin Leys, Politics in Britain (London, Verso, 1986), pp. 79–84.
S. Holland, ‘Planning and Policy Coordination’, RD: 315/March 1972, pp. 6–7; T. Benn, ‘Industrial Power and Industrial Policy’, RD: 722/April 1973; and IPSC minutes, 12 June 1972.
Quoted by R. Jenkins, Tony Benn, p. 164.
Benn diary, 9 July 1973; and LPACR (1973), p. 47. An inconclusive Opposition Green Paper was eventually produced proposing nationalisation, although members of the Banking and Insurance Group were dissatisfied with it. See Labour party, Banking and Insurance (1973).
PSG minutes, 2 May 1972 and 15 March 1973.
E. Heffer, ‘Labour’s Policy Making Process’, New Statesman, 1 June 1973, pp. 796–8, p. 798.
Interview, March 1994.
LPACR (1972), p. 257.
LPACR (1971), pp. 298 and 300–1.
Coventry Trades Council et al, State Intervention in Industry (Nottingham, Spokesman, 1982), p. 74.
S. Bornstein and P. Gourevitch, ‘Unions in a Declining Economy: the Case of the British TUC’, p. 43.
Minkin qualifies union support for leftwing policies. Most union leaders had other priorities. See The Contentious Alliance Trade Unions and the Labour Party (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1991), pp. 165–73.
A. Budd, The Politics of Economic Planning (London, Fontana, 1978), p. 133.
M. Hartley Brewer, The Guardian, 3 November 1975,
quoted by S. Wilks, ‘Planning Agreements: the Making of a Paper Tiger’, Public Administration, 59 (1981), pp. 399–421, p. 402.
Interview, October 1993.
G. Jones ‘A Left House Built on Sand’, Socialist Commentary (November 1978), pp. 12–13, p. 12. See also B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p. 665.
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© 1996 Mark Wickham-Jones
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Wickham-Jones, M. (1996). The Adoption of the Alternative Economic Strategy. In: Economic Strategy and the Labour Party. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230373679_6
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