Abstract
In early 1973 Richard Clements, the editor of Tribune, celebrated euphorically the development within the Labour party of a new set of policy proposals: ‘For the first time Labour has a comprehensive answer to the ills of our society. … it provides a real basis for challenging society.’1 A few months later when Labour’s Programme 1973 was published, Tribune pronounced with pleasure that Labour was ‘now in a position where public ownership has become the crux of its policies’.2 Tony Benn called it ‘the most radical programme the party has prepared since 1945’.3 By 1975, with the adoption of import controls, the new strategy came to comprise six distinct but inter-related elements. While one of these, reflation, was conventional, the others were original and radical. They included public ownership, economic planning, price controls, industrial democracy and import controls. They were presented together as an economic strategy aimed at regenerating the British economy and providing the basis for a society built on socialist values. Proponents claimed that economic efficiency was compatible with socialist aims such as equality and accountability.
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References
Tribune, 2 March 1973.
Tribune, 18 June 1973.
The Times, 1 October 1973.
Stuart Holland, The Socialist Challenge (London, Quartet, 1975). Holland also produced a brief summary, Strategy for Socialism (Nottingham, Spokesman, 1975). In 1979 he became a Labour MP.
Between 1972 and 1982 Holland wrote over twenty- five papers about economic policy for the Labour party. The most important were ‘A State Holding Company’ RD: 271/February 1972, (co-authored with Richard Pryke); ‘Planning and Policy Coordination’, RD: 315/March 1972; ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, RD: 442/October 1972; and ‘The New Economic Imperatives’, RD: 473/Novem ber 1972.
Holland’s articles include: Stuart Holland, ‘State Entrepreneurship and State Tradition’, in Stuart Holland (ed.), The State as Entrepreneur (London, Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1972), pp. 5–44;
Stuart Holland, ‘Economic Crisis, New Public Enterprise and Democratic Planning’, Public Enterprise, 6 (1974), pp. 3–12;
Stuart Holland, ‘Planning Disagreements’, in Stuart Holland (ed.), Beyond Capitalist Planning (Oxford, Blackwell, 1978), pp. 137–164;
Stuart Holland, ‘An Alternative Economic Strategy’, in Michael Barratt Brown et al (eds), Full Employment — Priority (Nottingham, Spokesman, 1978), pp. 133–6;
Stuart Holland, ‘New Public Enterprise and Economic Planning’, in Ken Coates (ed.), How to Win? (Nottingham, Spokesman, 1981), pp. 111–46;
and Stuart Holland, ‘Economic Objectives’, in Jon Lansman and Alan Meale (eds), Beyond Thatcher The Real Alternative (London, Junction Books, 1983), pp. 17–38.
TUC-Labour Party Liaison Committee, Economic Planning and Industrial Democracy (1982).
See also Tony Benn, Speeches (Nottingham, Spokesman Books, 1974);
Tony Benn, Arguments for Socialism (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1980);
Michael Meacher, Socialism with a Human Face (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1982);
and Brian Sedgemore, The How and Why of Socialism (Nottingham, Spokesman, 1977).
Tribune group, ‘The Crisis — And the Only Way in Which the Labour Government Can Solve It!’, Tribune, 31 January 1975. See also Tribune group, ‘Back from the Brink’, Tribune, 27 June 1975.
LCC, There is an Alternative (1980).
There was considerable discussion of the proposals involved in the AES in two fora during the early 1970s; the IWC publication Workers’ Control Bulletin, and the Public Enterprise Group journal, Public Enterprise.
The components of the AES were not the only economic measures developed by Labour between 1970 and 1983. Policy documents contained a host of other proposals including taxation, regional policy, and training. The measures of the AES were at the heart of Labour’s strategy as an integrated package.
Detailed theoretical backgrounds were provided by two Labour party documents in the mid-1970s: Labour party, The National Enterprise Board (1973);
and Labour party, International Big Business (1977). This section draws especially from them as well as the work of Stuart Holland.
S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 14–15, 48–52; S. Holland, ‘The New Economic Imperatives’, pp. 2–3; and S. Holland, ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, p. 4.
Labour party, Labour’s Programme 1973 (1973), p. 13.
International Big Business, p. 11.
S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 49–50; and International Big Business, p. 110.
S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, p. 187.
IPSC minutes, 31 October 1972, p. 1.
Tribune, 25 May 1973.
TUC, Annual Report (1972), p. 521.
S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, p. 26.
S. Holland and R. Pryke, ‘A State Holding Company’, p. 14; and S. Holland, ‘Coping with Multinational Companies’, RD: 437/October 1972.
Tribune group, ‘The Crisis — And the Only way in which the Labour Government Can Solve It!’.
S. Holland, New Statesman, 15 June 1973, p. 882.
S. Holland, The Guardian, 24 May 1973.
S. Holland, ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, p. 5. See also ‘Prices, Profit and Investment’, RD: 447/October 1972, p. 2.
International Big Business, pp. 11 and 26.
Regional problems were a special interest of Holland: see S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 95–117; S. Holland, The Regional Problem (London, Macmillan, 1976);
and S. Holland, Capital Versus the Regions (London, Macmillan, 1976).
Robin Murray, Multinational Companies and Nation States (Nottingham, Spokesman, 1975).
See W. Kennet, L. Whitty and S. Holland, Sovereignty and Multinational Companies (Fabian Tract 409, 1971); S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 75–8 and S. Holland, ‘Coping with Multinational Companies’.
S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, p. 27.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 30.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 13.
S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, p. 61; and F. Archibugi, J. Delors, and S. Holland, ‘Planning for Development’, in S. Holland (ed.), Beyond Capitalist Planning, pp. 184–202.
RD: 356/May 1972, p. 21.
Tony Benn, Frances Morrell, and Francis Cripps, A Ten Year Industrial Strategy for the UK (Spokesman Pamphlet 49, 1975), p. 3.
See also Labour party, Labour and Industry (1975), p. 1.
See, for example, Stuart Holland, ‘Retrospect on the National Enterprise Board’, RD: 528/September 1980;
and Stuart Holland, ‘Economic Policy and Public Enterprise’, RD: 896/May 1981.
Labour party, Labour’s Programme 1982 (1982), p. 9.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 38.
Economic Planning and Industrial Democracy, p. 8.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 7.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 4.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 17.
RD: 2287/April 1982, p. 5.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 6.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 9.
See, for example, Labour party, The Socialist Alternative (1981), p. 12; and Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 9.
‘National Planning’, RD: 1046/September 1981, p. 6.
Labour party, Labour’s Plan for Expansion (1981), section 6.
T. Benn, ‘Interview with Eric Hobsbawm’, Marxism Today (October 1980), pp. 5–13, p. 12.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 15.
TUC, Economic Review (1972), p. 16.
Labour and Industry, p. 5.
TUC-Labour Party Liaison Committee, Economic Issues Facing the Next Labour Government (1981), p. 4.
‘National Planning’, RD: 1046/September 1981, p. 6.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 13.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 33.
Tribune group, ‘The Crisis — And the Only Way in Which the Labour Government Can Solve It!’.
Richard Pryke was also associated with demonstrating the positive benefits of existing public ownership. See Richard Pryke, Public Enterprise in Practice (London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1971);
and Richard Pryke, ‘Productivity, Performance and Ownership’, Public Enterprise, 1 (1971), pp. 6–10.
Tribune, 6 July 1973.
The National Enterprise Board, p. 16; and S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 199–204.
S. Holland and R. Pryke, ‘The State Holding Company’, p. 11.
TUC, Annual Report (1972), p. 529.
S. Holland, ‘State Entrepreneurship and State Intervention’, p. 7.
M. Barratt Brown, From Labourism to Socialism (Nottingham, Spokesman, 1972), p. 233. It remained ambiguous as to what a social audit amounted.
S. Holland, ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, p. 17. Elsewhere Holland was more equivocal. On occasion he advocated a form of social audit either as means of obtaining information or as a wider set of criteria for decision-making. See S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 234–7; and S. Holland, ‘Social Cost and the Crisis’, Workers’ Control, 2 (1978), pp. 4–6.
S. Holland, ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, p. 6.
S. Holland, ‘The New Economic Imperatives’, p. 7.
See The National Enterprise Board. The idea was developed by M. Posner and R. Pryke, New Public Enterprise (Fabian Research Series 254, 1966), pp. 13–14. See also S. Holland, ‘Towards a State Holding Company’, Socialist Commentary (December 1971), pp. 10–12;
S. Holland and R. Pryke, ‘A State Holding Company’; and RD: 422/August 1972. The regional objectives for the state holding company remained important; see S. Holland, ‘Regional Policy’, RD: 644/February 1973.
PSG minutes, 2 November 1972; and IPSC minutes, 5 April 1973.
M. Meacher, ‘Industrial and Financial Strategy’, in J. Lansman and A. Meale (eds), Beyond Thatcher The Real Alternative, pp. 39–52, p. 47.
Labour party, Labour’s Programme 1976 (1976), p. 28.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 35.
TUC, Annual Report (1973), pp. 606–7; and LPACR (1971), p. 298.
‘Prices, Profits and Investment’, RD: 447/October 1973; and ‘Profits and Investment’, RD: 917/November 1973.
Labour party, Capital and Equality (1973), pp. 41–2.
Labour’s Programme 1973, pp. 36–7. See also ‘The Institutions, Profits and Investment’, RE: 97/March 1975; J. Hughes, ‘A Possible Application of the Swedish “Investment Funds” System’, RE: 91/March 1975;
and J. Hughes, Funds for Investment (Fabian Research Series 325, 1976).
See, for example, M. Barratt Brown, ‘Capital and Equality’, Workers’ Control Bulletin (October 1973), pp. 8–9.
Labour and Industry, pp. 9–10.
An exception was John Hughes, an enthusiastic supporter of such proposals.
Labour party, Banking and Finance (1976), p. 22. See also ‘Financial Institutions: the Policy Options’, RE: 551/March 1976.
Ian Mikardo’s pledge on behalf of the NEC, LPACR (1976), p. 314.
WPBI minutes 28 March 1977, 26 April 1977, and 9 November 1977; RE: 1729/June 1978; and ‘Banking and Insurance A Summary of Trade Union Views’, RE: 1730/June 1978. ASTMS and NUBE were amongst those concerned by Labour’s plans.
USDAW, ‘Statement on Banking and Finance’, RE: 1012/February 1977.
APEX, ‘The Banking and Finance Sector’, RE: 1034/March 1977.
WPBI minutes, 11 December 1978. See also Interim Report from the Working Party on Banking and Insurance, LPACR (1978), pp. 450–459; and ‘The Final Report of the Working Group’, RE: 2061A/March 1979.
Labour party, Labour’s Draft Manifesto (1980), pp. 8–10.
RD: 386/May 1980, p. 8.
‘Programme for Work’, RD: 576/November 1980, p. 7.
Tony Benn, Parliament, People, and Power (London, Verso, 1982), p. 80.
Benn diary, 12 July 1982; and The Times, 13 July 1982.
Letter, 15 July 1982, NEC minutes.
Labour party, The Financial Institutions (1982).
See also Labour party, The City (1982).
Labour’s Programme 1973, pp. 17–18; and S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 227–34.
In 1970 the TUC’s Economic Committee had proposed ‘that investment incentives and government contracts should be on the basis of bargains struck between the government and large companies in relation to national objectives’. TUC, Annual Report (1970), p. 438. Nothing came of this fore-runner of planning agreements.
S. Holland, ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, p. 3.
S. Holland, ‘The New Economic Imperatives’, p. 3.
See ‘The Planning Agreements System’, RD: 697/March 1973; Labour party, The Community and the Company (1974);
and S. Holland, ‘Multinationals Working Party’, RE: 992/February 1977.
See Ken Coates and Tony Topham, Trade Unions in Britain (London, Fontana Books, 1988), pp. 280–2.
RD: 2313/April 1982, p. 9.
‘National Planning’, RD: 1046/September 1981, p. 6.
‘National Planning, Corporate Plans and Industrial Democracy’, RD: 1097/October 1981, p. 3.
PIDSC minutes, 26 January 1982, p. 3.
S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, pp. 255–93; and S. Holland, ‘Industrial Democracy’, RD: 930/November 1973.
See Labour party, Industrial Democracy Working Party Report (1967).
TUC, Industrial Democracy, Interim Report, in TUC, Annual Report (1973), pp. 383–430; and TUC, Industrial Democracy, in TUC, Annual Report (1974), pp. 292–339.
See, for example, M. Barratt Brown and S. Holland, Public Ownership and Democracy (IWC pamphlet 38, 1973); and T. Benn, ‘A New Policy for Labour’, Workers’ Control Bulletin (5 January 1974), p. 6.
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 73.
Labour’s Programme 1982, pp. 46–8.
Economic Planning and Industrial Democracy, p. 11. See Francis Cripps, ‘Public Ownership: Organisation and Structure’, RD: 645/December 1980;
John Eatwell and Roy Green, ‘Economic Theory and Political Power’, in B. Pimlott (ed.), Fabian Essays in Socialist Thought (London, Heinemann, 1984), pp. 185–204; and Roy Green and Andrew Wilson, ‘Economic Planning and Worker’s Control’, Socialist Register (1982), pp. 21–46.
PIDSC minutes, 26 January 1982. See also PIDSC minutes, 26 October 1981, p. 23.
‘Planning Negotiations — the Link Between Industrial Democracy and National Planning’, RD: 2005/December 1981, pp. 6–7.
S. Holland, ‘Planning Strategy, Tactics and Techniques’, pp. 21–7. See also Labour’s Programme 1973, pp. 22–24; and Francis Cripps, ‘Planning Agreements and the Industry Act’, RES: 2/March 1974. Holland drew on the French experience in this regard.
See S. Holland, ‘Inflation and Price Control’, RD: 605/February 1973.
S. Holland, ‘Whose Inflation?’, Workers’ Control Bulletin, 28 (October 1975), pp. 15–16, p. 16.
T. Balogh, Labour and Inflation (Fabian Tract 403, 1970), p. 60.
See J. Boston, ‘The Theory and Practice of Voluntary Incomes Policies with Particular Reference to the British Labour Government’s Social Contract 1974 – 1979’ (Oxford University DPhil thesis, 1983), p. 175;
and W. Fishbein, Wage Restraint By Consensus (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984).
Labour’s Programme 1973, p. 22.
TUC-Labour Party Liaison Committee, Economic Policy and the Cost of Living (1973), p. 4.
Labour Weekly, 2 March 1973.
Some supporters of the AES wanted an incomes policy. See, for example, B. Sedgemore, The How and Why of Socialism, pp. 38–41.
Labour’s Programme 1973, pp. 22 and 24–5.
S. Holland, Strategy for Socialism, p. 79.
Labour’s Draft Manifesto, p. 7; and Labour’s Plan for Expansion, section 23.
RD: 576/November 1980, p. 6. See also Geoff Bish, ‘Party Policy: Some Gaps in Labour’s Programme’, RD: 148/November 1979.
Economic Issues Facing the Next Labour Government, p. 13.
See The Economy, the Government and Trade Union Responsibilities, in TUC, Annual Report (1979), pp. 392–7, p. 395; and The Daily Telegraph, 15 February 1979.
Interview, August 1993.
PLP minutes, 14 February 1979, p. 4.
TUC-Labour Party Liaison Committee, Partners in Rebuilding Britain (1983), p. 16.
RD: 314/March 1972; and RD: 447/October 1972.
Economic Issues Facing the Next Labour Government, p. 12.
Party research official, Adam Sharpies emphasised that price controls would effect wage levels; FEASC minutes, 16 May 1981. The same point had been made earlier in RD: 439/October 1972, p. 2.
‘A Socialist Counter Inflation Policy’, RD: 900/May 1981, p. 10.
‘Inflation — Towards a Socialist Approach’, RD: 1165/December 1981, p. 38. The document concluded ‘some understanding must be reached on wage bargaining’, p. 47.
Interview, August 1993; FEASC minutes, 9 April 1981 and 25 March 1982; Patrick Wintour, New Statesman, 27 February 1981; and Leo Panitch, ‘Hard Pounding’, New Socialist (September/October 1982), pp. 18–21. Many economists who supported the AES came to the same conclusion.
See, for example, John Grahl, ‘Discussion: Government, Trade Unions and Inflation’, Socialist Economic Review, 1 (1981), pp. 209–213.
‘Inflation — Towards a Socialist Approach’, RD: 726/February 1981, p. 27.
RD: 859/May 1981, p. 15.
HPC minutes, 8 June 1981, pp. 2–3.
HPC minutes, 6 July 1981; and NEC minutes, 21 July 1981. Leftwingers were concerned by the status given to the NEA in Partners in Rebuilding Britain; NEC minutes, 23 March 1983.
LPACR (1981), p. 75.
FEASC minutes, 18 May 1981, p. 2. See also Stuart Holland and Paul Ormerod, ‘Corporation Tax and Economic Policy Issues’, RD: 434/June 1980.
HPC minutes, 10 May 1982, p. 4.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 24.
S. Holland, ‘An Alternative Economic Strategy’, p. 136.
‘The Economic Outlook’, RE: 57/February 1975, p. 2.
‘The Economic Outlook’, RE: 82/March 1975, p. 2.
‘Economic Report’, RE: 231/July 1975, p. 6.
‘Economic Report’, RE: 336/November 1975, p. 6.
Labour and Industry, p. 3. The same point was made in Labour’s Jobs and Prices (1975), p. 2.
Two TUC documents in 1973 advocated controls on manufactured items. See TUC, Economic Policy and Collective Bargaining (1973), pp. 37–8;
and TUC, ‘The Oil Situation and Economic Prospects’ (November 1973). See also LC minutes, 14 November 1973.
Further support for import controls was given in the TUC, Economic Review (1974), p. 16.
CEPG, Cambridge Economic Policy Review, 1 (1975), p. 3.
Labour’s Programme 1976, p. 13.
See, for example, TUC, Economic Review (1976), pp. 47–9.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 20–2. See also ‘Towards Planned Trade’, RD: 517/September 1980.
‘Import Controls: the Issue of Retaliation’, RE: 363/November 1975. See also Cambridge Economic Policy Review, 1 (1975), p. 10; and Cambridge Economic Policy Review, 5 (1979), p. 6.
See Stuart Holland, ‘Trade Agreements’, RD: 2002/January 1982.
See, for example, Wynne Godley, ‘Interview’, Marxism Today (July 1981), pp. 12–18.
Tribune, 23 May 1980.
TUC, Economic Policy and Collective Bargaining, p. 378.
LC minutes, 17 December 1979, p. 228. See also Moss Evans, ‘Import Controls Are The Key To Industrial Planning’, Public Enterprise, 19 (Autumn 1980), pp. 3–4, p. 3.
Import controls were linked to reflation and industrial intervention in AUEW-TASS, Import Controls Now! (1980).
TUC-Labour Party Liaison Committee, Trade and Industry (1980), p. 13. See LC minutes, 21 January 1980 and 19 May 1980.
LC minutes, 23 June 1980, p. 253.
LC minutes, 19 May 1980, p. 3.
S. Holland, ‘British Public Enterprise and the EEC’, Public Enterprise, 2 (1972), pp. 1–9.
See also S. Holland et al, ‘Competition and the Containment of the Meso-Economic (Multinational) Firm’, RE: 1115/April 1977;
and S. Holland, ‘Power in the Community: A Critique of Federalism’, RE: 1118/April 1977.
See S. Holland Uncommon Market (London, Macmillan, 1980);
S. Holland, ‘The EEC and UK Industrial Policy’, RE: 961/January 1977; S. Holland, ‘International Aspects’, in J. Lansman and A. Meale (eds), Beyond Thatcher The Real Alternative, pp. 64–80.
Labour’s Programme 1976, pp. 109–12. See also ‘The EEC and UK Industrial Policy’, RE: 828/November 1976; and ‘EEC Industrial Policy’, RE: 1201/June 1977.
S. Holland, ‘The EEC and UK Industrial Policy’, p. 7.
Labour’s Programme 1982, p. 230.
Interview, Labour party research official, August 1993.
LPACR (1980), p. 183.
M. Meacher, ‘Industrial and Financial Strategy’, p. 47.
S. Holland, ‘Economic Objectives’, p. 27.
IPSC minutes, 29 June 1978.
Financial Times, 2 June 1980.
RD: 235/April 1980.
The Times, 25 July 1981.
RD: 728A/March 1981, p. 1.
RD: 2429/May 1982. There were over thirty attributions on industrial strategy alone.
For example, The Times, 6 May 1981 and 16 March 1982.
Interview, TUC Official, August 1993.
Interview, March 1992. A point also made by party research official, interview, September 1993.
The Guardian, 27 May 1981.
Roy Green, ‘Bridging the Industrial Divide’, New Socialist, (September/October 1982), pp. 22–3, p. 22.
RD: 2660/February 1983.
Financial Times, 14 July 1982.
LPACR (1982), p. 204.
Tribune, 15 June 1973.
Socialist Commentary (July 1970), p. 2.
S. Holland, ‘The New Economic Imperatives’, p. 1.
Tribune group, ‘The Crisis — And the Only Way in Which the Labour Government Can Solve It!’.
Philip Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (London, Jonathan Cape, 1979), p. 448;
Douglas Jay, Change and Fortune (London, Hutchinson, 1980), p. 264;
and Noel Tracey, The Origins of the Social Democratic Party (London, Croom Helm, 1983), p. 22.
Labour party, Industry and Society (1957), p. 57.
A point emphasised by Patrick Seyd, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Left (London, Macmillan, 1987), p. 27.
See Nicholas Ellison, Egalitarian Thought and Labour Politics (London, Routledge, 1994), pp. 40–3;
and Robert Skidelsky, Oswald Mosley (London, Macmillan, 1980).
Perry Anderson and Stuart Hall, ‘Politics of the Common Market’, New Left Review, 10 (1961), pp. 1–14.
John Hughes, ‘An Economic Policy for Labour’, New Left Review, 24 (1964), pp. 5–32.
Jonas Pontusson, The Limits of Social Democracy (Cornell, Cornell University Press, 1992), p. 20.
Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 40.
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© 1996 Mark Wickham-Jones
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Wickham-Jones, M. (1996). Labour’s Alternative Economic Strategy. In: Economic Strategy and the Labour Party. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230373679_4
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