Abstract
Since its formation in 1900 the British Labour party has been firmly rooted in the social democratic tradition. The majority of its leading members, political commentators and labour historians have taken Labour to be a social democratic party. Yet there is no agreement as to what the social democratic tradition precisely amounts and therefore no agreed ‘yardstick’ with which to analyse Labour’s strategy and achievements. Likewise, there is no agreement about the nature of Labour itself and the distribution of power inside it. Instead academics and others have differed in their interpretation of how the party’s constitution operates.
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References
These two typologies are not intended to be either exhaustive or all-inclusive — though much of the literature concerning social democracy and Labour can be found within their categories. My objective is to establish a setting within which to locate subsequent analysis. I do not think Labour’s present social democratic commitments can be found within this framework — as I make clear in the epilogue.
Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 3.
Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Politics Against Markets (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1985), p. 10. He suggests that reforms will cumulatively be transformative.
Stephen Padgett and William Paterson, A History of Social Democracy in Post War Europe (London, Longman, 1992), p. 1.
For discussions of Revisionism see Geoff Foote, The Labour Party’s Political Thought A History (London, Croom Helm, 1985), pp. 193–234;
Stephen Haseler, The Gaitskellites (London, Macmillan, 1969), pp. 61–97;
David Howell, British Social Democracy (London, Croom Helm, 1976) pp. 191–4;
David Lipsey and Dick Leonard (eds), The Socialist Agenda Crosland’s Legacy (London, Jonathan Cape, 1981);
John Mackintosh, Parliament and Social Democracy (London, Longman, 1982), pp. 222–32;
David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma (London, Heinemann, 1991), pp. 166–78;
and Alan Warde, Consensus and Beyond (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1982), pp. 43–74.
Anthony Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London, Jonathan Cape, 1964, originally 1956);
Anthony Crosland, ‘The Transition from Capitalism’, in Richard Crossman (ed.), New Fabian Essays (London, Dent, 1970, originally 1952), pp. 33–68;
Anthony Crosland, The Conservative Enemy (London, Jonathan Cape, 1962);
and Anthony Crosland, ‘The Private and Public Corporation in Great Britain’, in E. Mason (ed.), The Corporation in Modern Society (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1960), pp. 260–76.
A detailed account of Crosland’s political thought is contained in Andrew Martin, ‘The Revision of Gradualist Socialism: C. A. R. Crosland and the Ideology of the British Labour Party’ (Columbia University PhD thesis, 1967). Crosland was a Labour MP from 1950–55 and 1959–1977.
R. Crossman (ed.), New Fabian Essays; and Socialist Union, Twentieth Century Socialism (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1956). Both the Fabian Society and Socialist Union promoted Revisionist ideas within the Labour party.
On the development of Revisionist thought and disagreements between its theorists see Nicholas Ellison, Egalitarian Thought and Labour Politics (London, Routledge, 1994), pp. 73–108.
Douglas Jay, The Socialist Case (London, Faber and Faber, 1937);
and Evan Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism (London, Labour Book Service, 1940).
See Elizabeth Durbin, New Jerusalems The Labour Party and the Economics of Democratic Socialism (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983). Durbin became a Labour MP in 1945, Jay in 1946.
See Susan Crosland, Tony Crosland (London, Jonathan Cape, 1982), p. 67.
Socialist Union, Twentieth Century Socialism, p. 66.
There are surprisingly few references to Keynes in The Future of Socialism and it may be that Crosland (and others) came to take Keynesian economic policy for granted. See G. Arnold, ‘Britain: The New Reasoners’, in L. Labedz (ed.), Revisionism (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1962), pp. 299–312, p. 300;
and G. D. H. Cole, Capitalism in the Modern World (Fabian Tract 310, 1957), p. 18.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 316.
A. Crosland, The Conservative Enemy, p. 56.
Hugh Gaitskell, Socialism and Nationalisation (Fabian Tract 300, 1956), p. 11. See also A. Crosland, The Conservative Enemy, p. 56; and A. Crosland, ‘Burnham and the Managerial Revolution’, unpublished draft chapter 6 from The Future of Socialism, Crosland papers, 13/7,
A. Crosland, ‘Burnham and the Managerial Revolution’, p. 7.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 15.
Managers — unlike shareholders — would not be worried by increased taxation of dispersed profits: D. Jay, The Socialist Case, p. 266.
A. Crosland, The Conservative Enemy, p. 87.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, pp. 29–32; and A. Crosland, ‘The Transition from Capitalism’, p. 38.
Socialist Union, Twentieth Century Socialism, p. 66.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 318. See also Austen Albu, ‘The Organisation of Industry’ in R. Crossman, New Fabian Essays, pp. 121–42.
H. Gaitskell, Socialism and Nationalisation, p. 7. See also Hugh Gaitskell, ‘The Economic Aims of the Labour Party’, Political Quarterly, 24 (1953), pp. 5–17.
Socialist Union, Twentieth Century Socialism, p. 127.
A. Crosland, The Conservative Enemy, p. 42.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, pp. 319–33; and H. Gaitskell, Socialism and Nationalisation, pp. 23–9. See also W. A. Robson, Nationalized Industry and Public Ownership (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1960), pp. 133–5, 460–8.
Rita Hinden, ‘The Lessons for Labour’, in Mark Abrams and Richard Rose, Must Labour Lose? (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1960), pp. 99–121, p. 119.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 324; and Mark Abrams ‘The Socialist Commentary Survey’, in M. Abrams and R. Rose, Must Labour Lose?, pp. 11–58.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 324.
A. Crosland, The Conservative Enemy, p. 43.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, p. 341–3; and H. Gaitskell, ‘The Economic Aims of the Labour Party’, pp. 12–13.
A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, pp. 257–62.
Socialist Union, Twentieth Century Socialism, p. 102.
A. Crosland, The Conservative Enemy, p. 225.
Anthony Crosland, The New Socialism (Melbourne, Dissent, 1963), p. 5.
Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York, Harper and Row, 1957).
A. Crosland, The New Socialism, p. 8. See also Anthony Crosland, Can Labour Win? (Fabian Tract 324, 1960), and M. Abrams and R. Rose, Must Labour Lose?.
See A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, pp. 79–80; Evan Durbin, Problems of Economic Planning, (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1949), pp. 4–13; Roy Jenkins, ‘Equality’, in R. Crossman (ed.), New Fabian Essays, pp. 69–90;
Socialist Union, Socialism A New Statement of Principles (London, Lincolns-Prager, 1952); Socialist Union, Twentieth Century Socialism, p. 61; and D. Lipsey, ‘Crosland’s Socialism’, in D. Lipsey and D. Leonard (eds), The Socialist Agenda Crosland’s Legacy, pp. 21–43.
A. Crosland, draft introduction to The Future of Socialism, Crosland papers, 13/9.
Key texts include Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Politics Against Markets; W. Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983);
and John Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1986, originally 1979).
For critical discussion see James Fulcher, ‘Labour Movement Theory Versus Corporatism: Social Democracy in Sweden’, Sociology, 21 (1987), pp. 231–252;
G. Olsen, The Struggle for Economic Democracy in Sweden (Aldershot, Avebury, 1992), pp. 1–20;
J. Pontusson, ‘Behind and Beyond Social Democracy in Sweden’, New Left Review, 143 (1984), pp. 69–96.
J. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism, p. 71.
W. Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle, p. 208.
J. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism, pp. 54 and 72.
W. Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle, pp. 18–19. See also G. Esping-Andersen and W. Korpi, ‘Social Policy as Class Politics in Post-War Capitalism’, in John Goldthorpe (ed.), Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 179–208;
and E. H. Stephens and J. Stephens, ‘The Labor Movement, Political Power and Workers’ Participation in Western Europe’, Political Power and Social Theory, 3 (1982), pp. 215–250.
Gøsta Esping-Andersen and Roger Friedland, ‘Class Coalitions in the Making of West European Economies’, Political Power and Social Theory, 3 (1982), pp. 1–52, p. 45.
A similar theoretical framework is adopted by Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times (Cornell, Cornell University Press, 1986).
J. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism, pp. 50–51; and W Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle, p. 21.
G. Esping-Andersen, Politics Against Markets, p. 22.
Conflict in society need be neither overt nor de-stabilising and periods of agreement may occur. They are not permanent.
Christopher Pierson, Beyond the Welfare State (Cambridge, Polity, 1991), p. 30;
and Andrew Martin, ‘Is Democratic Control of Capitalist Economies Possible?’, in Leon Lindberg et al (eds), Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism (Lexington, D. C. Heath, 1975), pp. 13–56.
Rudolf Meidner, ‘Why did the Swedish Model Fail?’, Socialist Pvegister (1993), pp. 211–28, p. 218.
J. Pontusson, ‘Behind and Beyond Social Democracy in Sweden’, p. 72.
G. Esping-Andersen, ‘From the Welfare State to Democratic Socialism’, Political Power and Social Theory, 2 (1981), pp. 111–140, p. 113.
J. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism, pp. 146, 182–83.
Especially important as the potential bases for social democratic economic strategy were the various proposals in the mid-1970s for Scandinavian wage earner funds (associated with the Swedish economist Rudolf Meidner). Such funds would increase worker participation, restore economic growth by increasing investment, trade wage restraint for greater control of capital, and last, go beyond welfare state socialism and the problems it had encountered. See G. Esping-Andersen, Politics Against Markets, pp. 296–306; J. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism, pp. 182–92; W. Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle, pp. 209–11. See also Rudolf Meidner, Employee Investment Funds (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1978).
See Francis Castles, The Social Democratic Image of Society (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), pp. 124–31.
G. Esping-Andersen, ‘Single Party Dominance in Sweden: The Saga of Social Democracy’, in T. J. Pempel (ed.), Uncommon Democracies (Cornell, Cornell University Press, 1990), pp. 33–57, pp. 48–9; and J. Pontusson, ‘Conditions of Labour Party Dominance: Sweden and Britain Compared’, in T. J. Pempel (ed.), Uncommon Democracies, pp. 58–82, pp. 61–2.
See Michael Newman, John Strachey (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 131–53.
John Strachey, Contemporary Capitalism (London, Victor Gollancz, 1956), p. 180; John Strachey, ‘Tasks and Achievements of the Labour Party’, in R. Crossman (ed.), New Fabian Essays, pp. 181–215, p. 188;
and John Strachey, ‘The Object of Further Socialisation’, Political Quarterly, 24 (1953), pp. 68–77.
Hugh Thomas, John Strachey (London, Eyre Methuen, 1973), p. 278.
Aneurin Bevan, In Place of Fear (London, Quartet, 1978, originally 1952), p. 23.
Przeworski’s fullest statement is Capitalism and Socialism Democracy. See also Adam Przeworski, The State and the Economy under Capitalism (New York, Harwood, 1990), pp. 92–6.
In recent work Przeworski has modified his stance: see Adam Przeworski and Michael Wallerstein, ‘The Structural Dependence of the State on Capital’, American Political Science Review, 82 (1988), pp. 11–30.
For discussion see W. Higgins and N. Apple, ‘How Limited is Reformism? A Critique of Przeworski and Panitch’, Theory and Society, 12 (1983), pp. 603–30;
Desmond King and Mark Wickham-Jones, ‘Social Democracy and Rational Workers’, British Journal of Political Science, 20 (1990), pp. 387–413;
and Duane Swank, ‘Politics and the Structural Dependence of the State in Democratic Capitalist Nations’, American Political Science Review, 86 (1992), pp. 38–54.
See Adam Przeworski and John Sprague, Paper Stones (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986); and A. Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, pp. 24–35.
A. Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, pp. 133–70.
A. Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, p. 35.
A. Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, p. 40.
A. Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, p. 41.
A. Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, p. 42.
See Sven Steinmo, ‘Social Democracy versus Socialism: Goal Adaptation in Social Democratic Sweden’, Politics and Society, 16 (1988), 403–47.
A. Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy, p. 46.
Charles Taylor, ‘What’s Wrong with Capitalism’, New Left Review, 2 (1960), pp. 5–11, p. 11.
Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (London, Merlin, 1972, originally 1961), pp. 356 and 373–4.
Ralph Miliband, Capitalist Democracy in Britain (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 94.
David Coates, The Labour Party and the Struggle for Socialism (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 221 and 223. Coates talks of ‘limits that are rooted in the general requirements of capitalist private enterprise as a system’, p. 157.
D. Coates, The Labour Party and the Struggle for Socialism, p. 161.
R. Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism, p. 356.
D. Howell, British Social Democracy, p. 298.
Leo Panitch, Social Democracy and Industrial Militancy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 236.
See also Leo Panitch, Working Class Politics in Crisis (London, Verso, 1986).
L. Panitch, Social Democracy and Industrial Militancy, p. 238.
Ralph Miliband, ‘The Politics of Contemporary Capitalism’, New Reasoner, 5 (1958), pp 39–52, p. 46.
See, for example, Clause VII (1), LPACR (1979), p. 468; and Clement Attlee, The Labour Party in Perspective (London, Left Book Club, 1937), p. 93.
Clause IX (1), LPACR (1979), p. 469.
Robert McKenzie, British Political Parties (London, Heinemann, 1967, originally 1955).
See also Dennis Kavanagh, Politics and Personalities (London, Macmillan, 1990), pp. 16–39;
and Henry Drucker, Doctrine and Ethos in the Labour Party (London, George Allen and Urwin, 1978), pp. 1–8.
R. McKenzie, British Political Parties, p. 455.
See Lewis Minkin, The Labour Party Conference (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1980).
See L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, pp. 85–93.
R. Michels, Political Parties (New York, Free Press, 1968, originally 1911), pp. 81–106.
R. McKenzie, British Political Parties, pp. 313, 423–5, 490–2, 510.
R. McKenzie, British Political Parties, p. 597.
R. Michels, Political Parties, p. 70, see also pp. 61–80 and 107–14.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, pp. 66–81, 141–6, 239–41.
R. McKenzie, British Political Parties, pp. 414–6.
R. McKenzie, British Political Parties, p. 527.
R. McKenzie, British Political Parties, p. 570.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference; and Lewis Minkin, The Contentions Alliance Trade Unions and the Labour Party (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1991);
and Samuel Beer, Modern British Politics (London, Faber and Faber, 1965).
See also Samuel Finer, The Changing British Party System 1945–1979 (Washington, AEI, 1980)
and Martin Harrison, Trade Unions and the Labour Party since 1945 (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1960), pp. 335–8.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, pp. 53–5.
A central theme of L. Minkin, The Contentious Alliance.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, pp. 24–5.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, p. 146.
Minkin’s analysis predates the recent reform to constituency parties voting procedure for the NEC.
S. Finer, The Changing British Party System 1945–1979, p. 79.
R. Crossman, New Statesman, 23 June 1961, p. 1010.
S. Beer, Modern British Politics, p. 188. See also R. McKenzie and S. Beer, ‘Book Section — Debate’, Parliamentary Affairs, 19 (1967), pp. 373–84.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, p. 11.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, p. 53.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, p. 39.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, p. 50.
S. Finer, The Changing British Party System 1945–1979, p. 95.
L. Minkin, The Labour Party Conference, p. 52.
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Wickham-Jones, M. (1996). The Nature of Social Democracy and the Labour Party. In: Economic Strategy and the Labour Party. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230373679_2
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