Abstract
As Martin Wight used to say: “Power politics is a colloquial phrase for international politics.”1 And today in Europe we see power politics at their height. Released from Cold War constraints, European states have returned to a familiar pattern of struggling for power, primacy, even hegemony within the region. Everything now seems to be up for grabs in an increasingly anarchic continent where the rules of self interest have come to the fore once more. With this comes the old Hobbesian fear, as small states fear large states and large states fear each other. The search for security through a new balance of power promises only to bring about new conflicts and new alliances. In short, there is no point in hoping for a common foreign and security policy within the European Union.
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Notes
Martin Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), second edition, p. 23.
For a detailed description of the traditional realist perspective see Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), p. 630.
A modern version of realism is presented in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
See Adam Watson, “European International Society and Its Expansion”, in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds., The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 24.
John J. Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future. Instability in Europe After the Cold War”, International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Summer 1990), pp. 52 and 55.
See Jack Snyder, “Averting Anarchy in the New Europe”, International Security, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Spring 1990), p. 9.
Josef Joffe, “The New Europe: Yesterday’s Ghosts”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 1 — “America and the World” — (1993), p. 29.
See especially Martin Feldstein, “EMU and International Conflict” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 6 (November/December 1997), pp. 60–73.
Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe’s Name — Germany and the Divided Continent (London: Vintage, 1994), pp. 344–57.
See also Volker Gransow and Konrad H. Jarausch, Die Deutsche Vereinigung. Dokumente zu Burgerbewegung, Annaherung und Beitritt (Cologne: Wissenschaft und Politik, 1991).
See, e.g., Paul Fabra, “Mitterand-Metternich”, Le Monde, June 3, 1991.
Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: Harper Collins, 1993), p. 791.
See Marta Dassu, “The Future of Europe: The View from Rome”, International Affairs, Vol. 66, No. 2 (April 1990), p. 305.
Also M.C. Brands, “Een tijd vol misvattingen: de vereniging van Duitsland”, Internationale Spectator, Vol. 44, No. 5 (May 1990), pp. 268–72.
See Ruud Lubbers’ interview with Derk Jan Eppink, in NRC Handelsblad, July 1, 1994.
See Victor Smart and Rory Warson, “A Chorus of Disapproval”, The European, September 9–15, 1994.
Umberto Bossi quoted in Donald MacIntyre and Steve Crawshaw, “Major to Reject Franco-German Vision of Europe”, The Independent, September 6, 1994.
See Jos Klassen, “NAVO bedriegt met besluit vooral zichzelf,” de Volkskrant, July 9, 1997.
See Trevor C. Salmon, “Testing Times for European Political Cooperation: The Gulf and Yugoslavia, 1990–1992”, International Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 2 (April 1992), pp. 233–53.
See Jean-Paul Marthoz, “A Marriage of Unequal Partners Hits the Rocks”, The European, July 15–21, 1994.
See an interview with Hans-Dietrich Genscher in Der Spiegel, July 5, 1991.
See Spyros Economides, “Riding the Tiger of Nationalism: The Question of Macedonia”, The Oxford International Review, Vol. IV, No. 2 (Spring 1993), pp. 27–9.
See James Pettifer, “Albania, Greece and the Vorio Epirus Question”, The World Today, Vol. 50, No. 8–9 (August–September 1994), pp. 147–9.
See Mathias Jopp, “The Strategic Implications of European Integration”, Adelphi Paper No. 290 (1994), p. 46.
See John Zametica, “The Yugoslav Conflict”, Adelphi Paper No. 270 (1992), p. 48.
See Anthony Foster and William Wallace, “Common Foreign and Security Policy: A New Policy or Just a New Name?”, in Policy-Making in the European Union. Helen Wallace and William Wallace, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 434.
François Heisbourg, “The European-US Alliance: Valedictory Reflections on Continental Drift in the Post-Cold War Era”, International Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 4 (October 1992), pp. 665–78.
Also François Heisbourg, “Securité: l’Europe livrée à elle même” Politique Étrangère, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 247–60.
See the results of opinion polls published in Peter R. Weilemann, Zwischen Nationalem Interesse und Europäischem Engagement — Innen-politische Akseptanz, Institutionelle Reform und die Europapolitischen Vorstellungen der Deutschen (Bonn: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, October 1993).
Also Philip Everts, “Gaat Duitsland zijn eigen weg?”, Transaktie, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1994), pp. 172–95.
See Manfred Kuechler, “Germans and ‘Others’: Racism, Xenophobia, or ‘Legitimate Conservatism’?”, German Politics, Vol. 3, No. 1 (April 1994), pp. 47–74.
Timothy Garton Ash, “Germany’s Choice”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4 (July–August 1994), p. 65.
Hans-Peter Schwarz, “Germany’s National and European Interests”, Daedalus, Vol. 123, No. 2 (Spring 1994), p. 103.
See Jürgen Nötzold and Reinhard Rummel, “Europäische Interaktionen und deutsche Interessen,” in Sicherheitspolitik Deutschlands: Neue Konstellationen, Risiken, Instrumente, (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsge-sellschaft, 1992), pp. 797–812.
See also Wolfgang F. Schlör, “German Security Policy”, Adelphi Paper No. 277 (1993), pp. 23–31.
Samuel P. Huntington, “Why International Primacy Matters”, International Security, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Spring 1993), p. 70.
See Dominique Moïsi, “Die Mark und die Bombe”, Die Zeit, December 9, 1988.
See Richard K. Betts, “Wealth, Power, and Instability”, International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Winter 1993/94), pp. 35–77,
and Kenneth N. Waltz, “The Emerging Structure of International Politics”, International Security, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 1993), pp. 44–79.
See M.C. Brands, “Op Zoek Naar een Nieuw Duits Buitenlands en Veiligheidsbeleid”, Internationale Spectator, Vol. 47, No. 4 (April 1994), p. 173.
Quoted in Owen Harries, “The Collapse of ‘The West’”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 4 (September–October 1993), p. 49.
Michael E. Brown, “Over Where? Defining a Sustainable US Role in Europe”, paper presented at the Second Annual European Conference, “Europe and America After the Cold War”, Oxford University, September 2–3, 1994 (unpublished), p. 24.
This was well argued in Alfred E. Pijpers, The Vicissitudes of European Political Cooperation (Leiden: University of Leiden, 1990), p. 80.
See Jiri Dienstbier’s speech at Harvard University, May 16, 1990 as quoted by Renata Fritsch-Bournazel, “German Unification: Views From Germany’s Neighbours”, in German Unification in European Perspective, Werner Heisenberg, ed. (London: Brassey’s Centre for European Policy Studies, 1991), p. 80.
See Michel Debré, “Quand Rapallo peut remplacer Yalta”, Le Monde, November 14, 1989.
See E.H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1933), Vol. 3, pp. 375ff.
Jean-Pierre Chevènement’s speech at the Institute des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale, May 21, 1990, quoted in Renata Fritsch-Bournazel, Europe and German Unification (New York and Oxford: Berg, 1992), p. 130.
See also Jean-Pierre Chevènement, France-Allemagne: parlons franc (Paris: Plon, 1996).
William Cash and Iain Duncan-Smith, quoted in Philip Stephens, “Britain’s Bitter Blast from the Past”, Financial Times, May 25, 1996.
See Richard H. Ullman, Securing Europe (London: Adamantine Press, 1991), p. 27.
See Laurence Martin, “Chatham Chouse: The Way Forward”, The World Today, Vol. 50, No. 4 (April 1994), p. 62.
Richard Rosecrance, “The Rise of the Virtual State”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 4 (July–August 1996), pp. 45–61.
See also Paul Krugman, Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1995), pp. 31–65.
See John Garnett, “The Role of Military Power”, in Perspectives on World Politics, Richard Little and Michael Smith, eds. (London: Routledge, 1991), second edition, p. 70.
See Edward N. Luttwak, “Where Are the Great Powers?”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4 (July/August 1994), p. 23.
Here I draw especially on Kenneth N. Waltz, “The Emerging Structure of International Politics”, International Security, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 1993), pp. 44–79.
See Edward L. Morse, “The Transformation of Foreign Policies: Modernization, Interdependence and Externalization”, World Politics, Vol. XXII, No. 3 (April 1970), pp. 371–92.
See Hanns W. Maull, “Europe and the Changing Global Agenda”, in The New Europe: Politics, Government and Economy since 1945, Jonathan Story, ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), p. 146.
See Philip Zelikow, “The New Concert of Europe”, Survival, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Summer 1992), p. 13.
See also Charles A. Kupchan and Clifford A. Kupchan, “Concerts, Collective Security and the Future of Europe”, International Security, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Summer 1991), pp. 114–16,
and Richard N. Rosecrance, “Trading States in a New Concert of Europe”, in America and Europe in an Era of Change, Helga Haftendorn, ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 127–45.
See Robert O. Keohane, “Correspondence: Back to the Future, Part II — International Theory and Post-Cold War Europe”, International Security, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Fall 1990), pp. 192–4.
Mearsheimer’s views on the issue are further elaborated in John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/95), pp. 5–49.
For a powerful illustration of how increased economic interdependence shapes the security dilemma see Beverly Crawford, “The New Security Dilemma Under International Economic Interdependence”, Millennium, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1994), pp. 25–55.
Pierre Hassner, “An Overview of the Problem”, in “War and Peace: European Conflict Prevention”, Chaillot Paper No. 11, Nicole Gnesotto, ed., (Paris: Institute for Security Studies, Western European Union, 1993), p. 7.
I paraphrase Michael Howard’s question in his review of Henry Kissinger’s book, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).
See Michael Howard, “The World According to Henry”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 3 (May/June 1994), p. 140.
See, e.g., Diego A. Ruiz Palmer, “French Strategic Options in the 1990s”, Adelphi Paper No. 260 (1991), pp. 25–7.
François Léotard, “Preface”, in Livre blanc sur la defense (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1994), p. 5.
See especially Wolfram F. Hanriender, “Dissolving International Politics: Reflections on the Nation-State”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (December 1978), pp. 1276–87.
Giovanni Jannuzzi, “Scope and Structure of the Community’s Future Foreign Policy” in Toward Political Union. Planning a Common Foreign and Security Policy in the European Community Reinhardt Rummel, ed., (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1992), p. 289.
The emergence of a European superpower was projected most forcefully by Johan Galtung, Europe in the Making (New York: Crane Russak, 1989), pp. 22–36.
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© 1998 Jan Zielonka
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Zielonka, J. (1998). Power politics, again. In: Explaining Euro-Paralysis. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230372849_2
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