Abstract
Let us now examine the development process of Thailand, one of the larger countries within the ASEAN. The bulk of the Thais are Buddhists, consequently, Buddhist cultural influences are noticeable not only on its society but also on its development in general. Moreover, as is the case in all the ASEAN countries, the Chinese component of its population has registered a quicker pace of economic development. It in turn has been deeply influenced by its cultural heritage of Confucianism, traditional Chinese values as preserved and modified by them as an immigrant group, and, above all, its recently manifested pragmatic ability to make a breakthrough as agents of commercial, technological and managerial revolution in the region. Not only that, the relatively greater acceptance of the Chinese in Thailand, and to some extent their assimilation into Thai society itself, has had a far-reaching impact on the Thai economy.
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Notes and References
John L. S. Girling, Thailand: Society and Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 19.
Ibid., p. 18.
Fred Riggs, Thailand: The Modernization of Bureaucratic Polity (Honolulu: East–West Centre Press, 1966).
See in this connection, Kavi Chongkittavorn, ‘A New Japanese Image in Thailand’, in The Nation, 9 December 1991.
See in this connection, Rawi Bhavilai, ‘Buddhism in Thailand: Description and Analysis’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Thai Studies, compiled by Ann Buller (Canberra: Australian National University, 1987), p. 615.
S. J. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North–east Thailand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 62.
Ibid., p. 68.
Edmund Leach also argued: ‘Theological philosophy is often greatly preoccupied with the life hereafter; practical religion is connected with the life here and now.’ From Introduction by E. R. Leach to Dialectic in Practical Religion, edited by E. R. Leach. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1968), p. 1.
Yoneo Ishi, Sangha, State and Society: Thai Buddhism in History (translated by Peter Hawks), Monographs of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986), p. 10.
Jane Bunnag, Buddhist monk, Buddhist layman: A Study of Urban Monastic Organization in Central Thailand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 1–2.
Hanten Brummelhuis and Jeremy H. Kemp (eds), Strategies and Structure in Thai Society (Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, Publikatie-serie Vakgroup Zud-en Zuidoost-Azie, Anthropologisch-Sociologisch Centrum, 1984), p. 13.
Ibid., pp. 13–14.
See John F. Embree, ‘Thailand: A Loosely Structured Social System’, American Anthropologist, vol. 52, 1950.
Also reproduced in Hans-Dieter Evers (ed.), Loosely Structured Social Systems: Thailand in Comparative Perspective, Southeast Asian Studies; Cultural Report Series No. 17 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), p. 4.
Hans-Dieter Evers (ed.), Loosely Structured Social Systems: Thailand in Comparative Perspective, Southeast Asian Studies; Cultural Report-Series No. 17 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), p. 1.
See in this connection Jack M. Potter, Thai Peasant Social Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 1.
See in this connection, Amara Pongsapich et al. Traditional and Changing Thai World View (Bangkok: Issued under the Joint Auspices of the Southeast Asian Studies Program and the Chulalongkon University Social Research Institute, 1985), p. 5.
See in this connection, J. A. Niels Mulder, ‘Origin, Development, and Use of the Concept of “Loose-structure” in Literature about Thailand’, in Hans-Dieter Evers (ed.), Loosely Structured Social Systems: Thailand in Comparative Perspective, p. 17.
Boonsanong Punyodyan, ‘Social Structure, Social System, and Two Levels of Analysis: A Thai View’, in Hans-Dieter Evers (ed.), Loosely Structured Social Systems: Thailand in Comparative Perspective, p. 77.
Ibid., p. v.
Chai Podhisita, ‘Buddhism And Thai World View’, in Amara Pongsapich et al. (ed.), Changing Thai World View, p. 25.
Ibid., p. 182.
G. William Skinner, Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1957), p. iv.
Ibid., pp. 91–2.
Ibid., p. 299.
See in this connection Boonsanong Punyodhyana, Chinese-Thai Differential Assimilation in Bangkok: An Exploratory Study, Cornell Thailand Project Interim Reports, No. 13 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971), p. ix.
See in this connection, Far Eastern Economic Review, 18 February 1993, p. 66.
Ibid., 4 February 1993, p. 25.
I am grateful to Professor Prudhisan Jumbala for allowing me to look at his manuscript entitled Political System and Nation-building in Thailand (unpublished manuscript, 1992).
See in this connection A. H. Somjee, Political Society in Developing Countries (London: Macmillan, 1984).
Clark D. Neher and Bidya Boworwathana, ‘Thai and Western Studies of Politics in Thailand’, in Thai Politics and Government Minority Groups (Bangkok: International Conference on Thai Studies, 1984), p. 1.
Ibid., p. 2.
Prudhisan Jumbala, Political System and Nation-building in Thailand, p. 3.
Ibid., pp. 3–5.
Zakaria Haji Ahmad and Harold Crouch (eds), Military-Civilian Relations in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1985).
Suchit Bunbongkarn, ‘Political Institutions and Process’, in Somsakdi Xuto (ed.), Government and Politics of Thailand (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 41.
Ibid., p. 42.
Suchit Bunbongkarn, ‘Thai Military and Its Role in Society’, in Viberto Selochan (ed.), The Military, the State and Development in Asia and the Pacific (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 67–9.
Kanok Wontrangan, ‘A Theory of Thai Politics: Situation and Power Struggle’, in John Girling (ed.), What is Culture? Politics, Thought and Action in Thailand (International Conference on Thai Studies, 1984), p. 3.
Likhit Dhiravegin, ‘Thai Politics from June 1932 to the Coup of 1957: The Struggle Between Bureaucracy and Democracy’, ibid., p. 17.
See in this connection, Kanok Wontrangan, ‘A Theory of Thai Politics: Situation and Power Struggle’, in ibid., pp. 5–13.
For the concept of political capacity see A. H. Somjee, Political Capacity in Developing Societies (London: Macmillan, 1982).
For a detailed discussion of civil society and political society see A. H. Somjee, Political Society in Developing Countries (London: Macmillan, 1984).
See in this connection, Noriko Sakamoto, ‘Grass-roots Movements Towards Social Development in Thailand Through Strengthening the Roles and Activities of Non-Government Organizations’, Proceedings of International Conference on Thai Studies (Canberra: Australian National University, July 1987).
Likhit Dhiravegin, Demi Democracy: The Evolution of the Thai Political System (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1992).
See also David Morell and Chai-anan Samudavanija, Political Conflict in Thailand: Reform, Reaction and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Oelgeschager, Gunn … Hain, 1981).
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© 1995 A. H. Somjee and Geeta Somjee
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Somjee, A.H., Somjee, G. (1995). Thailand: Normative Heritage and Pragmatic Adjustments. In: Development Success in Asia Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230371675_5
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