Abstract
For Roche1 Olympic Games are global mega-events that represent current expressions of universal world views, such as human rights and environmentalism. As far as the latter - universal - worldview is concerned, considering that the rise of environmental concern among Western publics can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s, the IOC has been extremely slow in adapting its procedures regarding the factoring of that growing concern into the award of the Games. For instance, public referenda held in Denver turned down the IOC’s offer to host the 1976 Winter Games on the basis of environmentally destructive practices.2
Keywords
- Global Attractor
- United Nations Environmental Programme
- Environmental Impact Assessment
- Olympic Game
- Environmental Legacy
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ATHOC (1996), Athens 2004: Candidate City (Athens: ATHOC).
Buttel, F. H. (2003) ‘Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform’, Organization and Environment, 16.3, 306–344.
Cantelon, H. and M. Letters (2000) ‘The Making of the IOC Environmental Policy as the Third Dimension of the Olympic Movement’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35.3, 294–308.
CSL (2009) Extinguishing Emissions? A Review of the Approach Taken to Carbon Measurement and Management Across the London 2012 Programme (London: Commission for a Sustainable London 2012).
ENS (Environment News Service) (2010) ‘Brazil Set To Meet Low-carbon Targets Four Years Early’, at: www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2010/2010-10-27-01.html (accessed 27 October 2010).
G-ForSE (n.d.) ‘The Environment and the Olympic Movement’, at: www.g-forse.com/enviro/Olympic.html (accessed 20 November 2009).
Green Cross Spain (2009) ‘Environmental Comparative Analysis of Bid Cities To Host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games’, at: www.deportesostenible.es/doc/Environmental_Comparative_UK.pdf (accessed 15 December 2010).
Greenpeace (2003) Pinocchio 2004. Olympic Games - Athens 2004. Promises: Always Green, Always Forgotten. The Environmental Landscape a Year before the Olympics (Athens: Greenpeace).
Greenpeace (2004a) How Green the Games? A Greenpeace Assessment of the Environmental Performance of the Athens 2004 Olympics (Athens: Greenpeace).
Greenpeace (2004b) Olympic Games - Athens 2004. Promises: Always Green, Always Forgotten. An Assessment of the Environmental Dimension of the Games (Athens: Greenpeace).
Hayes, G. and J. Karamichas (2012) ‘Conclusion. Sports Mega-events: Disputed Places, Systemic Contradictions, and Critical Moments’, in G. Hayes and J. Karamichas (eds), Olympic Games, Mega-events, and Civil Societies: Globalisation, Environment, and Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 340–358.
Hiller, H. H. (2000) ‘Toward an Urban Sociology of Mega-events’, Research in Urban Sociology, 5, 181–205.
IOC (1996) Manual for Candidate Cities for the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad 2004 (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee).
IOC (2004) 2012 Candidature Procedure and Questionnaires. Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee).
IOC (2007) Olympic Charter (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee).
IOC (2010) ‘Doha to Host 2011 World Conference on Sport and Environment’, at; www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympism-in-Action/Environment/Doha-to-host-2011-World-Conference-on-Sport-and-Environment-/ (accessed 12 December 2010).
Karamichas, J. (2003) ‘Civil Society and the Environmental Problematic. A Preliminary Investigation of the Greek and Spanish Cases’, paper presented at the ECPR joint sessions of workshops, University of Edinburgh, 28 March-2 April.
Karamichas, J. (2012) ‘Olympic Games as an Opportunity for the Ecological Modernisation of the Host Nation: The Cases of Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004’, in G. Hayes and J. Karamichas (eds), Olympic Games, Mega-events, and Civil Societies: Globalisation, Environment, and Resistance (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 211–241.
Lenskyj, H. J. (2000) Inside the Olympic Industry: Power, Politics and Activism (Albany: State University of New York Press).
LesjØ, J. H. (2000) ‘Lillehammer 1994’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35.3, 282–293.
Lo, A. Y. (2010) ‘Active Conflict or Passive Coherence? The Political Economy of Climate Change in China’, Environmental Politics, 19.6, 1012–1017.
Loh, C. (2008) ‘Clearing the Air’, in M. Worden (ed.), China’s Great Leap. The Beijing Games and Olympian Human Rights Challenges (New York, London, Melbourne and Toronto: Seven Stories Press), 235–245.
Mol, A. P. J. (2010) ‘Sustainability as a Global Attractor: The Greening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics’, Global Networks, 10.4, 520–528.
Mol, A. P. J. and G. Spaargaren (2000) ‘Ecological Modernisation Theory in Debate: A Review’, in A. P. J. Mol and D. A. Sonnenfeld (eds), Ecological Modernisation around the World. Perspectives and Critical Debates (London: Frank Cass), 17–49.
Roche, M. (2000) Mega-events and Modernity: Olympics and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture (London and New York: Routledge).
Rootes, C. and A. Miller (2000) ‘The British Environmental Movement: Organisational Field and Network of Organisations’, paper presented to the workshop ‘Environmental Organisations in Comparative Perspective’, ECPR Joint Sessions, Copenhagen, 14–19 April.
Schreurs, M. A. and Y. Tiberghien (2007) ‘Multi-level Reinforcement: Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation’, Global Environmental Politics, 7.4, 19–46.
TEE (2009) ‘Roundtable Discussion’, in the International two-day conference The Impacts from Olympic Games Hosting in Beijing, Athens, Sydney, Barcelona - the Utilization of Olympic Installations and Projects, 28–29 April.
UNEP (2007) Beijing 2008 Olympic Games - an Environmental Overview (Nairobi: United Nations Environmental Programme).
UNEP (2009) Independent Environmental Assessment. Beijing 2008 Olympic Games (Nairobi: United Nations Environmental Programme).
UNSD (2010) Greenhouse Gas Emissions. CO2 Emissions in 2007, at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_emissions.htm (accessed 20 August 2010).
Wilson, S. (2010) ‘IOC President Inspects London Olympic Stadium’, USA Today, 7 May, at: www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2010-07-05-1438373241_x.htm (accessed 12 July 2010).
WWF-Greece (2004) Environmental Assessment of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games (Athens: WWF).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2012 John Karamichas
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karamichas, J. (2012). The Olympics and the Environment. In: Lenskyj, H.J., Wagg, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230367463_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230367463_24
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-31965-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-36746-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)