Abstract
Once upon a time, in an era where the states defined themselves as ‘sovereign’, there was a border point. The border point was a place where a guard or a police-like officer used to ask to check a document called passport, which entitled a person to cross the border. States’ ambitions to enhance controls over the flux of non-citizens entering their territories led them to raise the requirements and ask for an extra document, the visa, a form of permission required before arriving at a state’s port or entry.1
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Notes
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These practices emerged in the context of policing external borders in connection with the fight against undocumented migration. See E. Guild and D. Bigo, ‘The transformation of European border controls, in B. Ryan and V. Mitsilegas (eds), Extraterritorial Immigration Control: Legal Challenges (Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2010), pp. 258–9.
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On surveillance see M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1995). Playing on the concept of Bentham’s panopticon, see
B. Hayes, NeoConOpticon: The EU Security-Industrial Complex. Avaialable at http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/neoconopticon-report.pdf, date of retrieval: 4 April 2011. Transnational Institute and Statewatch, 2009.
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Curtin, D., Executive Power of the European Union Law, Practices, and the Living Constitution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 146, 147, describes agencies as the ‘satellite executive power’.
See Baldaccini, A., ‘Extraterritorial border controls in the EU: the tole of FRONTEX in operations at sea’, in B. Ryan and V. Mitsilegas (eds), Extraterritorial Immigration Control. Legal Challenges (Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2010), p. 233.
Cf Wessel, R. A., L. Marin and C. Matera, ‘The external dimension of the EU’s area of freedom, security and justice’, in C. Eckes and Th. Konstadinides (eds), Crime within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A European Public Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 294.
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S. Trevisanut, ‘Maritime border control and the protection of asylum seekers in the European Union’, Touro International Law Review, vol. 12 (2009), pp. 157, 159.
See ex multis, see the complete and accurate reconstruction by V. Moreno Lax, ‘Seeking asylum in the Mediterranean: Against a fragmentary reading of EU Member States’ Obligations Accruing at Sea, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 23 (2011), pp. 174–220.
M. Besters, F. W. A. Brom, ‘Greedy’ Information Technology: The Digitalization of the European Migration Policy, European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 12 (2010), pp. 455–70, at 457 ff.
Hayes, B., (NGO Statewatch), ‘The robot armies at our borders’, for the Economist’s European Voice, 2 December 2010, available at: http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/the-robot-armies-at-our-borders/69598.aspx. Accessed on 4 April 2011.
Léonard, S., ‘FRONTEX and the Securitization of Migrants through Practices’, paper presented at the Migration Working Group Seminar, European University Institute, Florence, 9 February 2011.
See Agamben, G., ‘Al di lâ dei diritti dell’uomo’, Mezzi senza fine, Turin 1996, pp. 20–30.
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© 2011 Michiel A. Heldeweg and Evisa Kica
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Marin, L. (2011). Is Europe Turning into a ‘Technological Fortress’? Innovation and Technology for the Management of EU’s External Borders: Reflections on FRONTEX and EUROSUR. In: Heldeweg, M.A., Kica, E. (eds) Regulating Technological Innovation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230367456_8
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