Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction

  • Chapter
Privatizing the Democratic Peace

Part of the book series: Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies ((RCS))

  • 195 Accesses

Abstract

The United Nations (UN) policy of peacebuilding developed in the early 1990s, with George H.W. Bush’s “New World Order.” It was characterized by US-Soviet cooperation to enforce international law to halt Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1991. Still, the momentum for establishing peacebuilding1 at the UN did not occur until 2006, 14 years after Boutros-Ghali, the Secretary-General of the UN first proposed it in his 1992 Agenda for Peace. This peacebuilding proposal had been delayed by a series of crises on which the UN focused: the failure of the Norway Peace Accords, which led to the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize for Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, the suicidal bombings of Intifadah II in the mid-1990s and their subsequent return soon after 9/11, following Ariel Sharon’s visit to the Temple Mount, and the genocides in Bosnia and Rwanda. Just as failure, especially when it’s sudden and unexpected, can lead to a fundamental reassessment, the UN embarked on a peacebuilding strategy in response to the failure of the various peace agreements for Bosnia and Rwanda. Both genocides were halted primarily through military means, which the new UN peacebuilding approach seeks to avoid by preventing wars through the development of institutional channels, as well as a host of supporting economic, political and cultural shifts. It is in this context of irregular wars, which are often more frequent, longer, and intense than international wars, that the methods of peacebuilding were conceptualized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Oliver P. Richmond, Maintaining Order, Making Peace (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002); The Transformation of Peace: Peace As Governance in Contemporary Conflict Endings (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Roy Lidlicker, “Ethical Advice, Conflict Management vs. Human Rights in Ending Civil Wars,” Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 7, no. 4 (2008), pp. 376–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, The Dictator’s Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is almost always Good Politics (New York: 2011).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sabrina P. Ramet, “The Collapse of East European Communism,” chapter 2 in Thinking about Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates about the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 35–53.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Greg Mortenson and Greg Oliver Relin, Three Cups of Tea: One Man’s Mission to Promote Peace — One School at a Time (New York: Penguin, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Richard A. Falk, Law in an Emerging Global Village (Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 1998). Jessica T. Matthews may exaggerate when she writes, “The Nation-State May be Obsolete in an Interneted World,” in “Power Shift”, Foreign Affairs (January–February 1997), p. 11, pp. 50–67.

    Google Scholar 

  7. John J. Mersheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Paul Collier, War, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places (New York: Harper, 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Roland Paris and Timothy D. Sisk (eds.), The Dilemmas of State Building: Confronting the Contradictions (London: Routledge, 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Joseph S. Nye, Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History (New York: Longman, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Oliver P. Richmond (ed.), Palgrave Advances in Peacebuilding: Critical Developments and Approaches (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh (ed.), Rethinking the Liberal Peace: External Models and Local Alternatives (London: Routledge, 2011).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. Thomas G. Weiss and Leon Gordenker (eds.) NGOs, the UN and Global Governance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1996); Henry F. Carey, “NGOs and the Rule of Law,” Journal of Human Rights, special issue on “NGOs and the Rule of Law”, Vol. 2, no. 3 (September 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Thomas Carothers, “How Democracies Emerge: the ‘Sequencing Fallacy,’ ” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 18, no. 1 (January 2007), pp. 12–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Michael Bratton, “The Politics of Government-NGO Relations in Africa,” World Development, Vol. 17, no. 4 (1989), pp. 569–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Roger Cohen, “The Hidden Revolution: the Serbian Students Who Brought Down Milosevic,” The New York Times Magazine (26 November, 2000), pp. 43–47, 118, 148.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jaco Cilliers, “Transforming Post-Accord Education Systems: Local Reflections from Bosnia-Herzegovina,” in Siobhán McEvoy-Levy, Troublemakers or Peacemakers?: Youth and Post-Accord Peacebuilding (University of Notre Dame Press, 2006), pp. 173–194.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hans Holmén, Snakes in Paradise: NGOs and the Aid Industry in Africa (Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2010), p. viii.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Shawn Teresa Flanigan, For the Love of God: NGOs and Religious Identity in a Violent World (Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2010), p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Walt Bogdanich and Jenny Nordberg, “Mixed U.S. Signals Helped Tilt Haiti toward Chaos,” The New York Times (29 January 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  21. For a cynical view, see Jim Rogers, Adventure Capitalist: The Ultimate Road Trip (New York: Random House, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Helen V. Milner, “Introduction,” to Milner and Andrew Moravcsik (eds.), Power, Interdependence and Nonstate Actors in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), pp. 3–30.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Jessica Matthews Tuchman, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 1997), pp. 50–66.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mark Duffield, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples (Cambridge: Polity, 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Stanley Hoffman, The State of War: Essays on the Theory and Practice of International Politics (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1965).

    Google Scholar 

  26. David Kennedy, “The International Human Rights Movement: Part of the Problem?” Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 15 (2002), p. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Roberto Belloni, “Civil Society in War-to-Democracy Transitions,” in Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk (eds.), From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 206–207.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Michael Edwards, Civil Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), p. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  29. World Bank, Local Level Institutions and Social Capital Study (Washington, DC: June 2002), p. viii.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Peter Uvin, Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Priscilla Hayner, Unspeakable Truths: The Challenge of Truth Commissions (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Michael Howard, The Invention of Peace (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Reinhold Niebhur, Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics (New York: Charles Scribner, 1932).

    Google Scholar 

  34. See the recommendations in the Final Report to the General Assembly of the Panel led by former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, which made recommendations on the UN’s relationship with civil society. See also Sarah E. Mendelson and John K. Glenn (eds.), The Power and Limits of NGOs (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Eastern Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  36. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (Chicago: American Bar Association, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Penguin Classics, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  38. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (Chicago: American Bar Association, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Penguin Classics, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Giovanni Sartori, Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham Hall Publishers, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  43. David P. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  44. Douglas Roche, The Human Right to Peace (Toronto: Novalis, 2003). The Oslo Declaration is described in chapter five, “Peace: A ‘Sacred Right,’ ” pp. 122–244.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Please refer to Timothy T. Schwartz, Travesty in Haiti: A True Account of Christian Missions, Orphanages, Food Aid, Fraud and Drug Trafficking (Self-Published, 2010) and Jorge Heine and Andrew S. Thompson, Fixing Haiti: MINUSTAH and Beyond (New York: UN University Press, 2011).

    Google Scholar 

  46. An exemplar of the cautionary tale is Elizabeth M. Cousens, “Introduction,” in Cousens and Chetan Kumar (eds.), Peacebuilding As Politics: Cultivating Peace in Fragile Societies (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2001), pp. 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  47. John J. Hamre and Gordon R. Sullivan, “Toward Postconflict Reconstruction,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 25, no. 4 (2002), p. 89, pp. 85–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Earl Conteh-Morgan, “Peacebuilding and Human Security: A Constructivist Perspective,” International Journal of Peace Studies, Vol. 10, no. 1 (2005), p. 70, pp. 69–86; Marek Pavka, “Private Military Companies in Peacebuilding,” in Richmond and Carey (eds.), Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding, p. 131; Michael Schloms, “Humanitarian NGOs in Peace Processes,” in Henry F. Carey and Oliver P. Richmond (eds.), International Peacekeeping, Vol. 10, no. 1 (2003), p. 42, pp. 40–55.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jonathan Goodhand, Aiding Peace: The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2006), p. 12; N. Ball, “The Reconstruction and Transformation of War-Torn Societies and State Institutions: How Can External Actors Contribute?” in T. Debiel and A. Klein (eds.), Fragile Peace, State Failure, Violence and Development in Crisis Regions (London: Zed Books, 2002), pp. 33–55.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  50. Thomas G. Weiss, Beyond UN Subcontracting: Task-Sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service-Providing NGOs (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  51. Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed Books, 2001); Oliver P. Richmond, “The Liberal Peace,” in Richmond and Carey (eds.), Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Peter Van Tuijl, “NGOs and Human Rights: Sources of Justice and Democracy,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 52, no. 2 (1999), p. 495, pp. 493–512.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Roland Paris, At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Political Science, Georgia State University, USA

    Henry F. Carey (Associate Professor of Political Science)

Authors
  1. Henry F. Carey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2012 Henry F. Carey

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carey, H.F. (2012). Introduction. In: Privatizing the Democratic Peace. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355736_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation