Abstract
For a long time, strategic studies and European studies appeared to mutually ignore if not disdain each other. During the cold war, strategic studies concentrated on the exercise of hard power as an instrument of foreign policy. Their natural focus was the military strategy of the United States and the Soviet Union. It came equally naturally to ignore the European Economic Community (EEC), which except for the informal consultation mechanism of European Political Cooperation (EPC) did not venture into the realm of foreign policy, let alone security and defence policy. European studies themselves for the most part did not look at the EEC as an actor in the field of security and defence policy, turning instead to conceptualisations of the Community as a ‘civilian power’ or, more recently, a ‘normative power’ (Bull 1982, Duchêne 1972, Telo 2006, Whitman 1998, Manners 2002, 2006).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arquilla, J. and Ronfeldt, D. (2001) Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime and Militancy, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Ayoob, M. (1995) The Third World Security Predicament: State Making Regional Conflict and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Bailes, A. (2005) The European Security Strategy — An Evolutionary History. Policy Paper 10. Stockholm: SIPRI.
Baylis, J., Wirtz, J., Cohen, E. and Gray, C.S. (eds.) (2002) Strategy in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Strategic Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Betts, R. K. (1997) ‘Should Strategic Studies Survive?’, World Politics 50 (1): 7–33.
Biscop, S. (2005) The European Security Strategy. A Global Agenda for Positive Power, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Biscop, S. (2008). The European Security Strategy in Context: A Comprehensive Trend, in Biscop, S and Andersson, J. J. (eds.) The EU and the European Security Strategy: Forging a Global Europe, London: Routledge. 5–20.
Biscop, S. (2009) ‘Odd Couple or Dynamic Duo? The EU and Strategy in Times of Crisis’, European Foreign Affairs Review 14 (3): 367–384.
Biscop, S. and Andersson, J.J. (eds.) (2008) The EU and the European Security Strategy: Forging a Global Europe, London: Routledge.
Booth, K. (1979) Strategy and Ethnocentrism, New York: Holmes and Meier.
Booth, K. and Trood, R. (1999) Strategic Cultures in the Asia-Pacific Region, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bull, H. (1982) ‘Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?’, Journal of Common Market Studies 21 (2): 149–170.
Buzan, B., de Wilde, J. and Waever, O. (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Campbell, D. (1992) Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Clausewitz, C. von (1976 [1832]) On War, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (translation by Howard, M and Paret, P.).
Cornish, P. and Edwards, G. (2001) ‘Beyond the EU/NATO Dichotomy: The Beginnings of a European Strategic Culture’, International Affairs 77 (3): 587–603.
Cornish, P. and Edwards, G. (2005) ‘The Strategic Culture of the European Union: A Progress Report’, International Affairs 81 (4): 801–820.
Deudney, D. (1990) ‘The Case against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security’, Millennium 19 (3): 461–476.
Duchêne, F. (1972) Europe in World Peace, in Maine, R. (ed.), Europe Tomorrow, London: Fontana/Collins. 32–49.
Engelbrekt, K. and Hallenberg, J. (eds.) (2008) The European Union and Strategy: An Emerging Actor, London: Routledge.
European Council. 2003. A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy. Endorsed by the European Council, Brussels, 11–12 December 2003.
Farrell, T. (2005) Strategic Culture and American Empire. The SAIS Review of International Affairs 25 (2).
Freedman, L. (1998) ‘International Security: Changing Targets’, Foreign Policy, 110: 48–63.
Freedman, L. (2006) The Transformation of Strategic Affairs, Adelphi Paper 379, IISS, London: Routledge.
Gilbert, M. (2008) ‘Narrating the Process: Questioning the Progressive Story of European Integration’, Journal of Common Market Studies 46 (3): 641–662.
Gowan, R. (2009). Good Intentions, Bad Outcomes [cited January–February 2009]. Available from http://www.esharp.eu/issue/2009-1/Viewpoint-Good-intentions-bad-outcomes.
Gray, C. (1981) ‘National Styles in Strategy: The American Example’, International Security 6 (2): 21–47.
Gray, C. (1999a) Modern Strategy, New York: Oxford University Press.
Gray, C. (1999b) ‘Strategic Culture as Context: The First Generation of Theory Strikes Back’, Review of International Studies 25 (1): 49–69.
Gray, C. (2006). Out of the Wilderness: Prime Time for Strategic Culture, Fort Belvoir, VA: Defence Threat Reduction Agency.
Grevi, G. (2009) Institutional Change and Continuity in the CFSP and ESDP. Paper presented at the 50th Annual ISA Convention. New York: 15–18 February.
Haftendorn, H. (1991) ‘The Security Puzzle: Theory-Buliding and Discipline-Building in International Security’, International Studies Quarterly 35 (1): 3–17.
Heisbourg, F. (2000) ‘Europe’s Strategic Ambitions: The Limits of Ambiguity’, Survival 42 (2): 5–15.
Heisbourg, F. (2004) The ‘European Security Strategy’ Is Not a Security Strategy, in Everts, S. et al. (eds.), A European Way of War, London: Centre for European Reform. 27–40.
Heiselberg, S. (2003) Pacifism or Activsim: Towards a Common Strategic Culture within the European Security and Defence Policy? Danish Insitute for International Studies: IIS Working Paper 2003/4.
Hill, C. (1993) ‘The Capability-Expectations Gap, or Conceptualising Europe’s International Role’, Journal of Common Market Studies 31 (3): 305–328.
Howard, M. (1983) The Forgotten Dimensions of Strategy, in Howard, M. (ed.), The Causes of Wars, London: Temple Smith. 101–115.
Howorth, J. (2004) ‘Discourse, Ideas, and Epistemic Communities in European Security and Defence Policy’, West European Politics 27 (2): 211–234.
Howorth, J. (2007) Security and Defence Policy in the European Union, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Howorth, J. (2010a) ‘The EU as a Global Actor: Grand Strategy for a Global Grand Bargain?’, Journal of Common Market Studies 48 (3): 455–474.
Howorth, J. (2010b) Strategy and the Importance of Defence Cooperation among EU Member States. Security Policy Brief 12. Brussels: Egmont–Royal Institute for International Relations.
Huysmans, J. (1995) Migrants as a Security Problem: Dangers of ‘Securitising’ Social Issues, in Miles, R. and Thränhardt, D. (eds.), Migration and European Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion, London: Pinter. 53–72.
Huysmans, J. (1998) ‘Security! What Do You Mean?: From Concept to Thick Signifier’, European Journal of International Relations, 4 (2): 226–255.
Hyde-Price, A. (2004) ‘European Security, Strategic Culture and the Use of Force’, European Security 13 (4): 323–343.
Johnston, A.I. (1995) ‘Thinking about Strategic Culture’, International Security 19 (4): 32–64.
Johnston, A.I. (1998) Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Johnston, A.I. (1999) ‘Strategic Culture Revisited: A Reply to Colin Gray’, Review of International Relations 25 (3): 519–523.
Kagan, R. (2003) Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order, New York: Knopf.
Kaldor, M., Martin, M. and Selchow, S. (2007) ‘Human Security: A New Strategic Narrative for Europe’, International Affairs 83 (2): 273–288.
Katzenstein, P.J. (1996) The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press.
Klein, B.S. (1988) ‘Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defence Politics’, Review of International Studies 14 (2): 133–148.
Krause, K. and Williams, M. (1997) Critical Security Studies, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Liddell-Hart, B. (1967) Strategy: The Indirect Approach, London: Faber.
Lindström, G. (2007) Enter the EU Battlegroups. Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Paper No. 97.
Longhurst, K. (2000) Strategic Culture. In G. Kümmel and A. D. Prüfert (eds.), Military Sociology: The Richness of a Discipline, Baden Baden: Nomos. 301–310.
Lord, C. (1985) ‘American Strategic Culture’, Comparative Strategy, 5 (3): 269–293.
Manners, Ian. (2002) “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no. 2: 235–58.
Manners, I. (2006) ‘Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: Beyond the Crossroads’, Journal of European Public Policy 13 (2): 182–199.
Manners, I. (2009) Europe and the World, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
March, J. and Olsen, J.P. (1989) Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics, New York: Free Press.
Martinsen, P.M. (2004) ‘Forging a Strategic Culture — Putting Policy into the ESDP’, Oxford Journal on Good Governance, 1 (1): 61–66.
Matlary, J.H. (2006) ‘When Soft Power Turns Hard: Is an EU Strategic Culture Possible?’, Security Dialogue 37 (1): 105–121.
Meyer, C.O. (2006) The Quest for a European Strategic Culture: A Comparative Study of Strategic Norms and Ideas in the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Neumann, I.B. and Heikka, H. (2005) ‘Grand Strategy, Strategic Culture, Practice: The Social Roots of Nordic Defence’, Cooperation and Conflict 40 (1): 5–23.
Norheim-Martinsen, P.M. (2007) ‘European Strategic Culture Revisited: The Ends and Means of a Militarised European Union’, Defence and Security Studies 1 (3, September 2007).
Ortega, M. (2007) Building the Future: The EU’s Contribution to Global Governance. EU Institute for Security Studies: Chaillot Paper no. 100.
Parsons, C. (2002) ‘Showing Ideas as Causes: The Origins of the European Union’, International Organization 56 (1): 47–84.
Pipes, R. (1977) ‘Why the Soviet Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War’, Commentary 1: 21–34.
Rogers, J. (2009) From Suez to Shanghai: The European Union and Eurasian Maritime Security. Ocasional Paper 77. Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies.
Rynning, S. (2003) ‘The European Union: Towards a Strategic Culture?’, Security Dialogue 34 (4): 479–496.
Schimmelfenning, F. (2003) The EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe: Rules and Rhetoric, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Schneckener, U. (2002) Theory and Practice of European Crisis Management: Test Case Macedonia. European Yearbook of Minority Issues 1 (2001/02).
Smith, K.E. (2006) ‘The End of Civilian Power Europe: A Welcome Demise or a Cause for Concern?’, International Spectator 35 (2): 11–28.
Snyder, J.L. (1977) The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Santa Monica, CA: R-2154-AF, September 1977.
Stavridis, S. (2001) ‘Militarising the EU: the Concept of Civilian Power Revisited’, International Spectator XXXVI (4).
Strachan, H. (2005) ‘The Lost Meaning of Strategy’, Survival 47 (3): 33–54.
Telo, M. (2006) Europe: A Civilian Power? European Union, Global Governance, World Order, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Toje, A. (2005) ‘The 2003 European Union Security Strategy: A Critical Appraisal’, European Foreign Affairs Review 10 (1): 117–133.
Toje, A. (2008) The EU, NATO and Strategic Culture: Renegotiating the Transatlantic Bargain, London: Routledge.
van Ham, P. (2001) ‘Europe’s Postmodern Identity: A Critical Appraisal’, International Politics 38 (1): 229–252.
van Ham, P. (2005) ‘Europe’s Strategic Culture and the Relevance of War’, Oxford Journal of Good Governance 2 (1): 39–43.
Waever, O. (1995) Securitisation and Desecuritisation, in Lipschutz, R.D. (ed.) On Security, New York: Columbia University Press. 46–86.
Waever, O. (1998) Insecurity, Security and Asecurity in the West European Non-war Community, in Adler, E. and Barnett, M. (eds.), Security Communities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 69–118.
Walt, S. (1991) ‘The Renaissance of Security Studies’, International Studies Quarterly 35 (2): 211–239.
Walt, S. (1998) International Relations: One World, Many Theories, Foreign Policy 110, Spring.
Wendt, A. (1992) ‘Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics’, International Organization 46 (2): 391–425.
Whitman, R.G. (1998) From Civilian Power to Superpower? The International Identity of the European Union, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wyllie, J.H. (2006) Measuring up. The Strategies as Strategy, in Dannreuther, R, and Peterson, J. (eds.), Security Strategy and Transatlantic Relations, London: Routledge. 165–177.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2012 Sven Biscop and Per M. Norheim-Martinsen
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Biscop, S., Norheim-Martinsen, M. (2012). CSDP: The Strategic Perspective. In: Kurowska, X., Breuer, F. (eds) Explaining the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355729_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355729_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-32579-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-35572-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)