Abstract
I arrived in Seattle from the East Coast in 1984, and within a few weeks, I stumbled on my first job—and my first home—in the Pacific Northwest. The shelter where I lived and worked during my first year in the city was in an old convent in the shadows of that space age spire, monument “to the era’s belief in commerce, technology and progress,” that makes its stock appearance in every movie and sitcom ever shot in the city.1 Built by private developers for the 1962 World’s Fair at the cost of $4.5 million, the Space Needle would be refurbished for another $20 million in 1999, the year that Mayor Paul Schell would make the mistake of inviting the World Trade Organization to town.2 The year that the first U.S. astronaut orbited the earth, the first visitors to the Space Needle, accompanied by “female elevator attendants dressed in skin-tight gold ‘spacesuits,’” made their way to the top of the structure to dine in the “Eye of the Needle,” a restaurant that every fifty-eight minutes makes a full revolution above the city.3
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Notes
Mildred Tanner Andrews, ed., Pioneer Square, Seattle’s Oldest Neighborhood (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2005), 21.
See David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 39–63. For a theoretical overview of neoliberalism, see 64–86.
An extensive body of literature exists on the spike in homelessness during the Reagan administration; see, for example, Martha Burt, The Growth of Homelessness in the 1980s (New York: Russell Sage, 1992);
and Kim Hopper and Jill Hamberg, The Making of America’s Homeless: From Skid Road to New Poor, 1945–1984. Report prepared for the Institute of Social Welfare Research (New York: Community Service Society, 1984). For a theoretical and historical overview of neoliberalism, see Harvey, Neoliberalism, 64–86 and 152–182.
In recent years, memoirs of people who have experienced homelessness first hand have included Tiny, aka Lisa Gray-Garcia’s Criminal of Poverty, Growing Up Homeless in America (San Francisco, CA: City Lights, 2006);
Michelle Kennedy’s Without a Net: Middle Class and Homeless (with Kids) in America: My Story (New York: Viking, 2005);
and Lee Stringer’s Grand Central Winter, Stories from the Street (New York: Washington Square Press, 1998).
See also Alexander Masters’ biography of homeless activist Stuart Shorter, Stuart a Life Backward (New York: Delacorte Press, 2006).
David Wagner, Checkerboard Square, Culture and Resistance in a Homeless Community (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 3. While Wagner’s observation is not specific to homeless women in particular, it is, I believe, a particularly apt description of representations of homeless women. David Wagner’s Checkerboard Square was something of a watershed text in contemporary studies of homelessness. Wagner represents homeless people as resistant political subjects, challenging American individualism and “dominant cultural norms of work and family,” 3. For an overview of the literature on women and homelessness, see, Sylvia Novac, Ph.D., Joyce Brown, M.S.W., M.E.S. and Carmen Bourbonnais, B.A., No Room of Her Own, A Literature Review on Women and Homelessness, November, 2006, available at http://www.nrchmi.samhsa.gov/(S(qlnxv2zgyur1n545h2cfj2yn))/Resource/No-Room-of-Her-Own-a-Literature -Review-on-Women-and-Homelessness-35131.aspx (May 17, 2011).
Mitch Duneier’s Sidewalk (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1999) focuses on the intellectual and political interests, entrepreneurial activity, and cultural work of homeless and marginally housed magazine and book vendors in New York City.
The classic study by Elliott Liebow, Tell Them Who I am, The Lives of Homeless Women (New York: The Free Press, 1993), remains one of the compelling and influential portraits of single homeless women.
Talmadge Wright’s Out of Place: Homeless Mobilizations, Subcities and Contested Landscapes (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997) focuses on political organizing, communal ties, cultural and artistic production among homeless communities.
See also Susan Finley and Marcelo Diversi, “Critical Homelessness: Expanding Narratives of Inclusive Democracy, Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies 10 (2010): 4–13; and Finley, “From the Streets to the Classrooms: Street Intellectuals as Teacher Educators, Collaborations in Revolutionary Pedagogy,” in Democratic Curriculum Theory and Practice: Retrieving Public Spaces (New York: Educator’s International Press), 113–126. The most comprehensive oral history of homeless people to date is Voices from the Street, Truths about Homelessness from Sisters of the Road (Portland, OR: Gray Sunshine Publishing, 2007).
See Peter Marcuse, “Neutralizing Homelessness,” Socialist Review 88, no. 1 (1988): 69–97. Marcuse’s assessment of the prevalence of mental health and substance abuse issues among homeless communities has been challenged in more recent studies.
See also, D. Stanley Eitzen, Kathryn D. Talley, Doug A. Timmer, Paths to Homelessness Extreme Poverty and the Urban Housing Crisis (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984), esp. 10–30.
E. D. Sclar, “Homelessness and Housing Policy: A Game of Musical Chairs” American Journal of Public Health 80, no. 9. (September 1990): 1039–1040.
See Paul Koegel, M. Audrey Burnam, and Jim Baumohl, “The Causes of Homelessness,” Homelessness in America, ed. Jim Baumohl (Phoenix, Oryx Press, 1996), 24–33.
See, Peter Marcuse, “Neutralizing Homelessness,” Socialist Review 88, no. 1: 69–97; See for example, Peter Rossi, Down and Out in America, The Origins of Homelessness (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1989);
James. D. Wright and Beth A. Rubin, Is “Homelessness a Housing Problem?” Housing Policy Debate 3, no. 2 (1999): 987–56;
James D. Wright and Julie A. Lam, “Housing and the Low-Income Housing Supply,” Social Policy 17, no. 4 (1987): 48–53;
Kim Hopper, “‘More than Passing Strange’: Homelessness and Mental Illness in New York City,” American Ethnologist 15, no. 1 (February 1988): 155–167;
David A. Snow, Susan G. Baker, Leon Anderson, and Michael Martin, “The Myth of Pervasive Mental Illness Among the Homeless,” Social Problems 33, no. 5 (1986): 407–423;
Arline Mathieu, “The Medicalization of Homelessness and the Theater of Repression,” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 7, no. 2 (1993): 170–184.
Vincent Lyon-Callo, Inequality, Poverty and Neoliberal Governance, Activist Ethnography in the Homeless Sheltering Industry (Toronto: Higher Education Press of Toronto Press Inc., 2008);
see esp. 57–96 in Jean Calterone Williams, “A Roof Over My Head,” Homeless Women and the Shelter Industry (Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press, 2003);
see also, Kurt Borchard, The Word on the Street, Homeless Men in Las Vegas (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2005), 103–132.
Anthony Marcus, Where have all the Homeless Gone? The Making and Unmaking of a Crisis (New York: Berghahn Books, 2006), 152–53.
Arloc Sherman and Chad Stone, “Income Gaps Between Very Rich and Everyone Else More Than Tripled In Last Three Decades, New Data Show,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, June 25, 2010, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3220 (May 17, 2011).
Thomas M. Shapiro, Tatjana Meschede, and Laura Sullivan, “The Racial Wealth Gap Increases Fourfold,” Institute on Assets and Social Policy Research and Policy Brief, May 2010, 1.
Rev. Martin Luther King, “Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence,” April 4, 1967, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/058.html (May 17, 2011).
Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2008), xv.
For a conservative estimate, see Amy Belasco, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11,” Congressional Research Service, July 16, 2010, 1–r.
See the Western Regional Advocacy Project, Without Housing: Decades of Federal Housing Cutbacks, Massive Homelessness and Housing Policy Failures, 2006, www.wraphome.org/pages/downloads/high_school_workbook.pdf (May 17, 2011).
See Tara Herrivel and Paul Wright, Prison Profiteers, Who Makes Money From Mass Incarceration (New York: New Press, 2007).
Marc Mauer, “The Impact of Mandatory Sentencing Policies in the United States, Prepared for the Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs,” The Sentencing Project, October 28, 2009, 2 (May 17, 2011).
John Schmitt, Kris Warner, and Sarika Gupta, “The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, June 2010, 1, www.cepr.net/…/the-high-budgetary-cost-of-incarceration/ (May 17, 2011).
Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow, Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness (New York: The New Press, 2010), 39.
Ryan S. King and Marc Mauer, “The War on Marijuana: The Transformation of the War on Drugs,” Harm Reduction Journal, 3, no. 6 (2006): 3, http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/3/1/6 (July 13, 2011).
See Neil DeMause, “The Recession and the ‘Deserving Poor’ Poverty finally on media radar—but only when it hits the middle class,” March 2009, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3726 (May 17, 2011).
See Don Mitchell, The Right to the City, Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space (New York: The Guilford Press, 2003) 16–17, and Anthony Marcus, Where have all the homeless gone? 136–137.
Timothy A. Gibson, Securing the Spectacular City, The Politics of Revitalization and Homelessness in Downtown Seattle (New York: Lexington Books, 2004), 86.
See also Stacy Warren, “Disneyfication of the Metropolis: Popular Resistance in Seattle,” Journal of Urban Affairs 16, no. 2 (1994): 89–107.
See Danilo Pelletiere, Ph.D., Renters in Foreclosure: Defining the Problem, Identifying Solutions, National Low Income Housing Coalition, January 2009, www.nlihc.org/doc/renters-in-foreclosure.pdf (May 17, 2011). Pelletiere estimates that 20 percent of properties foreclosed on during the crisis have been rentals. Given, moreover, that many are multi-unit properties, the report estimates that “renters make up roughly 40% of the families facing eviction,” 4.
A two-part series in the Seattle PostGlobe (Eric Ruthford, “Officials plan to end Homelessness by 2014. Can it Happen?” June 25, 2010, http://seattlepostglobe.org/2010/06/25/plan-to-end-homeless-not-meeting-the-needs (May 17, 2011) includes interviews with a number of Seattle service providers offering bleak assessment of progress in the plans.
Frances Fox Pivens and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor, the Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books, 1971, Repr. 1993), 15.
For one of the most comprehensive studies of the link between poverty and mental illness, see Christopher G. Hudson, Ph.D., “Socioeconomic Status and Mental Illness: Tests of the Social Causation and Selection Hypotheses,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, no. 1(2005): 3–18.
Ashley Fantz “Teen ‘sport killings’ of homeless on the rise,” CNN.com, 20 February 2007, http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/02/19/homeless.attacks/index.html (May 17, 2011).
For an examination of the range of views of homeless women on social policies impacting homelessness see Meredith L. Ralston, “Nobody Wants to Hear Our Truth,” Homeless Women and Theories of the Welfare State (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996).
See Catherine Silva, “Racially Restrictive Covenants: Enforcing Neighborhood Segregation in Seattle,” Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/covenants_report.htm (May 17, 2011); Quintard Taylor, The Forging of a Black Community, Seattle’s Central District from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1994);
and Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid, Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
The National Fair Housing Alliance reports a spike in housing discrimination complaints in 2008, which it attributes to the foreclosure crisis and “internet advertising that violates fair housing laws.” Fair Housing Trends Report, “Fair Housing Enforcement: Time for a Change,” May 1, 2009, 3, www.nationalfairhousing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket … tabid (May 17, 2011). On the impact of subprime lending on African Americans, see Monique Morris, “Discrimination and Mortgage Lending in America: A Summary of the Disparate Impact of Subprime Mortgage Lending on African Americans,” NAACP, 2009, action.naacp.org/page/-/resources/Lending_Discrimination.pdf (May 17, 2011).
See David Bacon, Illegal People: How Globalization Creates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2008).
Jordan, B.K., Maarmar, C.R., Fairbank, J.A., & Schlenger, W.E., “Problems in Families of Male Vietnam Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, no. 6 (1992): 916–26. Cited in Gulf War and Health, Volume 6, Physiologic, Psychologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress,” Committee on Gulf War and Health: Physiologic, Psychologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment Related Stress (Washington, D.C.: Institute of the National Academes, 2008), 285.
See also Michelle R. Ancharoff, James F. Munroe, and Lisa M. Fisher, “The Legacy of Combat Trauma, Clinical Implications of Intergenerational Transmission,” Intergenerational Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma, Yael Danieli, ed. (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 257–276.
As summarized by Peter J. Mercier and Judith D. Mercier in Battle Cries on the Home Front, Domestic Violence in the Military Family (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 2000), 4.
On the impact of war and militarism on women and children in war zones, see Ann Jones, The War’s Not Over When It’s Over, Women Speak Out from the Ruins of War (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010).
On battering and normative gender roles, see Ginny Nicarthy, Getting Free, You Can End Abuse and Take Back your Life (Emeryville, CA: Seal Press, 2004) 1–49;
and Ann Jones, The Next Time She’ll be Dead (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), 106–128.
See, for example, L. Bensley, J. Van Eenwyk, and K. Wynkoop Simmons, “Childhood Family Violence History and Women’s Risk for Intimate Partner Violence and Poor Health,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 25, no. 1 (2003): 38–44.
On the arbitrary distinction between homeless and battered women, see Jean Calterone Williams, “Domestic violence and poverty,” Frontiers 19, no. 2 (1998): 143–165.
Suzanne L. Wenzel, Barbara D. Leake, and Lillian Gelberg, “Risk Factors for Major Violence Among Homeless Women,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 16, no. 8 (2001): 739–752, 744; the definition of “major violence” can be found on 740.
Suzanne L. Wenzel, Ph.D., Barbara D. Leake, Ph.D., Lillian Gelberg, MD, Ph.D., “Health of Homeless Women with Recent Experience of Rape,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 15 (2000), 265–268, 266.
Melissa Farley, Ph.D. and Howard Barkan, Dr., Ph.D., “Prostitution, Violence Against Women and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Women and Health 27, no. 3 (1998): 37–49, http://www.prostitutionresearch.comf/ProsViolPosttrauStress.html (July 13, 2011).
Marc Mauer, “The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs,” The Sentencing Project, April 2009, 1, www.sentencingproject.org/search/dp_raceanddrugs.pdf (May 17, 2011).
John Schmitt, Kris Warner, and Sarika Gupta, “The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, June 2010, 2, www.cepr.net/…/the-high-budgetary-cost-of-incarceration/ (May 17, 2011).
Cited by Robin Levi and Judith Appel, “Collateral Consequences: Denial of Basic Social Services Based Upon Drug Use,” Drug Policy Alliance, July 13, 2003, 1, www.drugpolicy.org/…/Postincarceration_abuses_memo.pdf (May 17, 2011).
Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow, Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2010), 225.
Tara Herivel, “Wreaking Medical Mayhem on Women Prisoners in Washington State,” in Prison Nation, The Warehousing of America’s Poor, ed. Tara Herivel and Paul Wright (New York: Routledge, 2003), 174.
Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority, Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany, NY: Suny Press, 1990), 84.
For an indepth critique of “academics construct[ing] knowledge about oppression from the comfort of a privileged life,” see Marcelo Diversi and Claudio Moreira, Betweener Talk, Decolonizing Knowledge Production, Pedagogy and Praxis (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2009).
Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories (Albany: SUNY Press, 1991), 52.
Sandy Polishuk, Sticking it to the Union, An Oral History of the Life and Times of Julia Ruutila (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 9.
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© 2011 Desiree Hellegers
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Hellegers, D. (2011). Introduction. In: No Room of Her Own. Palgrave Studies in Oral History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230339200_1
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