Abstract
Komozi Woodard’s A Nation Within a Nation examines the Modern Convention Movement, a 1970s black social movement composed of nationalists, politicians, integrationists, and Marxists who aimed to create a unified black political party; and the organization that spearheaded this movement, the Congress of African People (CAP). Led by its Newark branch and the branch’s leader, Amiri Baraka, CAP, in the 1970s, established community-based cultural and political organizations and expanded the scope of black cultural nationalism and community organizing from the local to national.
As 3,000 black people met in Atlanta, Georgia, on Labor Day weekend in 1970 to found the Congress of African People, both black self-determination and Pan-Africanism were central themes. While the Atlanta Pan-African summit was aimed at black people in the African diaspora, the gathering also embraced other oppressed peoples in the spirit of the Bandung Conference.
—Komozi Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation
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Notes
Peniel E. Joseph, “Black Power Revisited: A Review of Komozi Woodard’s A Nation within a Nation; Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black Power Politics,” The Gaither Reporter (Houston) 4, no. 4 (April 30, 1999): 3.
For more information, look to G. H. Jansen’s Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), p. 23.
Renmin Ribao, “Chairman Mao’s Theory on the Differentiation of the Three Worlds Is a Major Contribution to Marxism-Leninism.” Peking Review 45 (November 4, 1977), 24.
Robin D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, “Black Like Mao,” Souls 1, no. 4 (Fall 1999): 8.
Mohamed A. El-Khawas, “China’s Changing Policies in Africa.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 3, no. 1 (Spring 1973): 26–27.
See Komozi Woodard, A Nation within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 203.
Bill Mullen, Afro-Orientalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 95.
Look to Robin Kelley and Betsy Esch’s “Black Like Mao,” 6–41; and Forward: Journal of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought 3 (January 1980): 29–38.
Scot Brown, Fighting for US (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 89.
Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991), 134.
Herb Boyd, “Radicalism and Resistance: The Evolution of Black Radical Thought,” The Black Scholar 28, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 43.
Phil Hutchings, “Report on the ALSC National Conference,” The Black Scholar, July–August 1974, 48.
Kalamu Ya Salaam. “African Liberation Day: An Assessment—Tell No Lies, Claim No Easy Victories,” Black World, October 1974, 18–34.
Madhubuti, “Enemy: From the White Left, White Right and In Between,” Black World, October 1974, 38.
Nagueyalti Warren, “Pan-African Cultural Movements: From Baraka to Karenga.” Journal of Negro History 75, no. 1–2 (Winter-Spring 1990): 24.
Edith Austin, “Reflections of the 6th Pan African Congress,” Sun Reporter, August 3, 1974, 14.
Vijay Prashad, Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001), 143.
George T. Yu, “Sino-African Relations: A Survey,” Asian Survey 5, no. 7 (July 1965): 321–332.
George T. Yu, “China’s Role in Africa,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 432, Africa in Transition (July 1977): 108.
Baraka, “Newark, NJ, a Classic Neocolonial Creation,” Monthly Review 25, no. 8 (January 1975): 23.
Sullivan, “Baraka Drops Racism, Shifts to Marx,” New York Times, December 27, 1974, 35.
Steven Jackson, “China’s Third World Foreign Policy: The Case of Angola and Mozambique, 1961–93,” The China Quarterly 142 (June 1995): p. 393.
Kalamu Ya Salaam, “Djali Dialogue with Amiri Baraka,” The Black Collegian, available at http://www.black-black.ukcollegian.com/african/baraka-a1299.shtml, February 17, 1998.
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© 2011 Manning Marable and Elizabeth Kai Hinton
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Frazier, R.T. (2011). The Congress of African People. In: Marable, M., Hinton, E.K. (eds) The New Black History. The Critical Black Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230338043_9
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