Abstract
After years of neglect by mainstream American academics, the impact of black radicalism1 on postwar American and world history has begun to be examined in recent social science scholarship.2 Such historical inquiry requires journeying to the “lower frequencies”3 and addressing the substantive intellectual, political, and practical questions posed by African American radicals. These intellectual pursuits reflect the resurgence of an increasingly radical black public sphere.4 Moreover, this new emphasis on the study of black radicalisms shift from a marginal to a central position within a global political arena provides the potential contextual and historical basis for a counterdiscourse to celebratory pronouncements regarding contemporary historical developments. Amid the rather bleak political landscape proffered by contemporary global political developments,5 the dawn of the twenty-first century has provided a much-needed space to reflect on some of the world-historic events that encapsulated the three decades following World War II. As the progenitor for social and political transformation in the postwar era, the civil rights movement provides a historical context for the confusing contemporary political dialectic that oscillates between the erasure and recovery of a modern black radical tradition.
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Notes
See Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Random House, 1952), 439.
Clarence Lusane, Race in the Global Era (Boston: South End Press, 1997).
For a discussion of the early period of the civil rights movement, see Robert Korstad and Nelson Lichtenstein, “Opportunities Found and Lost: Labor, Radicals and the Early Civil Rights Movement,” Journal of American History 75, no. 3 (December 1988)
Beth Tompkins Bates, “A New Crowd Challenges the Old Guard in the NAACP, 1933–1941,” American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (April 1997)
and Belinda Robnett, How Long? How Long?: African-American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
See Lewis R Gordon, Bad Faith and Anti-Black Racism (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1995)
and Gordon, Her Majesty’s Other Children: Sketches of Racism from a Neocolonial Age (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997).
The best examples of the tendency to utilize King as a prism for historical analysis are Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988)
David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Vintage, 1986)
and Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987).
See Michael Dawson, “A Black Counterpublic?: Economic Earthquakes, Racial Agenda(s), and Black Politics,” in The Black Public Sphere, ed. The Black Public Sphere Collective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
Nikhil Pal Singh, “The Black Panther and the ‘Underdeveloped Country’ of the Left,” in The Black Panther Party Reconsidered, ed. Charles Jones (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998), 62.
See, for example, William L. Van DeBurg, New Day in Babylon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
James C. Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1990).
For a discussion, see Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (New York: Beacon Press, 1995), 49.
Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967), 137.
Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1990).
Charles Payne, I’ve Got the light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 391–405.
See Van Gosse, Where the Boys Are: Cuba, Cold War America and the Making of a New left (London: Verso, 1993), 9.
Robert Williams, The Crusader 2, no. 5 (August 13, 1960), 1–2.
See Harold Cruse, Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: William and Morrow, 1967).
Leroi Jones, “Cuba Libre,” Evergreen Review 4, no. 15 (November–December 1960).
Julian Mayfield, “The Cuban Challenge,” Freedomways (Summer 1961): 185.
Two useful, although very different, assessments of Pan-Africanism and the shaping of the “black Atlantic” are Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)
and Sid Lemelle and Robin D. G. Kelley, eds., Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora (New York: Verso, 1994).
For a discussion of these tensions, see Clayborne Carson, In Struggle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981)
Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter (New York: William Morrow, 1984)
Mack Jones, “The Black Underclass as Systemic Phenomenon,” in Race, Class, and Economic Development, ed. James Jennings (London: Verso, 1992), 63.
Kevin Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
Robin D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution,” Souls 1, no. 4 (Fall 1999).
For a remarkable discussion of the confluence of discourses emanating from scholars of civil rights, colonial, and subaltern studies, see Kevin Gaines, “Rethinking Race and Class in African American Struggles for Equality, 1885–1941,” American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (April 1997).
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© 2011 Manning Marable and Elizabeth Kai Hinton
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Joseph, P.E. (2011). Waiting Till the Midnight Hour. In: Marable, M., Hinton, E.K. (eds) The New Black History. The Critical Black Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230338043_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230338043_10
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