Abstract
Accounts of science fiction in film and television in the 1950s often present it as dominated by the alien invasion narratives, in which monsters from outer space seek to subjugate or exterminate humanity. Furthermore, these alien invasion narratives are commonly presented as rather simplistic products of Cold War tensions in which the alien is merely a thin disguise for soviet aggression. As Andrew Tudor puts it:
In the fifties … our way of life is threatened by alien forces which adversely affect the world around us. In this xenophobic universe we can do nothing but rely on the state, in the form of military, scientific and governmental elites … In this respect, then, fifties SF/horror movies teach us not so much ‘to stop worrying and love the bomb’ as ‘to keep worrying and love the state’, an admonition which accords perfectly with the nuclear-conscious Cold War culture of the period.1
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Notes
Andrew Tudor, Monsters and Mad Scientists: A Cultural History of the Horror Movie (Oxford: Blackwells, 1989) p. 220.
Peter Biskind, Seeing Is Believing: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Fifties (New York: Pantheon, 1983).
Andrew Dowdy, Films of the Fifties: The American State of Mind (New York: Morrow, 1973).
Mark Jancovich, Rational Fears: American Horror in the 1950s (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996).
Patrick Lucanio, Them or Us: Archetypal Interpretations of Fifties Alien Invasion Films (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987).
Bill Warren, Keep Watching the Skies: American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1982).
For histories of science fiction see Brian Ash, ed., The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (New York: Harmony, 1977).
Thomas R. Atkins, ed., Science Fiction Films (New York: Monarch, 1976).
John Baxter, Science Fiction in the Cinema (New York: Paperback Library, 1970).
John Brosnan, Future Tense: The Cinema of Science Fiction (London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1978).
John Brosnan, The Primal Screen: A History of Science Fiction Film (London: Orbit, 1991).
Christine Cornea, Science Fiction Cinema: Between Fantasy and Reality (Edinburgh: EUP, 2007).
Edward Edleson, Visions of Tomorrow: Great Science Fiction from the Movies (New York: Doubleday, 1975).
Alan Frank, The Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Handbook (Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1983).
Denis Gifford, Science Fiction Films (London: Studio Vista, 1971).
Bill Harry, Heroes of the Spaceways (London: Omnibus, 1981).
Phil Hardy, ed., The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Movies (London: Octopus, 1986).
William Johnson, ed., Focus on Science Fiction Films (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972).
Damon Knight, In Search of Wonder (Chicago: Advent, 1967).
Frank Manchel, Great Science Fiction Films (New York: Franklin Watts, 1976).
Douglas Menville, A Historical and Critical Survey of the Science Fiction Film (New York: Arno, 1975).
Douglas Menville and R. Reginald, Things to Come: An Illustrated History of the Science Fiction Film (New York: New York Times Books, 1977).
Peter Nichols, Fantastic Cinema (London: Ebury, 1984).
Frederik Pohl and Frederik Pohl IV, Science Fiction Stiidies in Film (New York: Ace, 1981).
Jeff Rovin, A Pictorial History of Science Fiction Films (Secaucus: Citadel, 1975).
Vivian Sobchack, Screening Space: The American Science Fiction Film (New York: Ungar, 1991).
Philip Strick, The Movie Treasury of Science Fiction Movies (London: Gallery, 1976).
J.P. Telotte, Science Fiction Film (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
Gary K. Wolfe, The Known and the Unknown: The Iconography of Science Fiction (Kent, OH: Kent State Univesity Press, 1979).
Bosley Crowther, ‘THE SCREEN: TWO FILMS HAVE LOCAL PREMIERES; “The Thing,” an Eerie Scientific Number by Howard Hawks, Opens at the Criterion “Communist for F.B.I.” New Picture at Strand Theatre, Features Frank Lovejoy At the Criterion’, New York Times, 3 May, 1951, p. 34.
Ray Bradbury, ‘The Concrete Mixer’, in Thrilling Wonder Stories, April, 1949 and republished in The Illustrated Man (first edition Doubleday, 1951).
Adam Roberts, The History of Science Fiction (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 215.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, August 1953, p. 131.
A. W., ‘Look Out! The Space Boys are Loose Again’, in New York Times, 18 June, 1953, p. 38.
Brog., ‘Film Reviews’, Variety, 27 May, 1953, p. 6.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, June, 1957, p. 83.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, March, 1959, p. 45.
George Mann, ed., The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (London: Robinson, 2001), p. 74.
See, for example, Glen Creeber, ed., The Television Genre Book (London: British Film Institute, 2001).
Jane Feuer, ‘Genre study and Television’, in Robert C. Allen, ed., Channels of Discourse, Reassembled (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 138–60.
Jason Mittel, Genre and Television: From Cop Shows to Cartoons in American Culture (New York: Routledge, 2004).
For the classic account of this position, see John Ellis, Visible Fictions: Cinema: Television: Video (London: Routledge, 1982).
For challenges to Ellis’s claims, see John Caldwell, Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television (Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 1995).
John Corner, Critical Ideas in Television Studies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999).
Furthermore, there is often a confusion between the supposed transparency of television’s visual style, and the supposed lack of television’s visual style. Writing of the supposed incompatibility between television and horror, Waller moves from a discussion of ‘the “invisible” style’ of the made-for-television films to a complaint about ‘the technical limitations that affect all telefilms’ so that the ‘relatively poor definition of the standard television image, for example, hampers, if not prohibits, telefilms from disclosing to the viewer a complex mosaic of vivid, mysteriously charged details’. Gregory A. Waller, ‘Made-for-Television Horror Films’, in Gregory A. Waller, ed., American Horrors: Essays on the Modern American Horror Film (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), p. 147.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, February 1957, p. 75.
Anon., ‘Viewers Write to the “Radio Times”’, Radio Times, 29 August 1952, p. 38.
Anon, Monthly Film Bulletin, September 1955, p. 150.
Michael Lewis, ‘Did You Hear That? Children’s Comics’, The Listener, 13 December 1951, p. 1007.
Christopher Priest, ‘British Science Fiction’ in Patrick Parrinder, ed., Science Fiction: A Critical Guide (London: Longman, 1979), p. 194.
See, for example, James Naremore, More than Night: Film Noir and its Contexts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
Stephen Neale, Genre and Hollywood (London: Routledge, 2000).
Mark Jancovich, ‘A Real Shocker: Authenticity, Genre and the Struggle for Cultural Distinctions’, Continuum, 14: 1, April 2000, pp. 23–35.
Brian Aldiss, Billion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction (London: Corgi, 1973), p. 258.
Bosley Crowther, ‘British Science-Fiction Thriller, “Project M.7,” and Italian Import, “The Lucky Five,” Bow Here’, New York Times, 27 November, 1953, p. 22.
Bosley Crowther, ‘20,000 Leagues in 128 Fantastic Minutes’, New York Times, 24 December, 1954, p. 7.
Anon., Tele Followup Comment, Variety, 25 April, 1951, p. 36.
Thomas M. Pryor, ‘George Pal Plans New Film On Space’, New York Times, 21 May, 1952, p. 22.
A.H. Weiler, ‘Screen: “Saucer” Story — Quasi-Documentary on “Flying Objects” Bows’, New York Times, 13 June, 1956, p. 46.
A.H. Weiler, ‘Screen: Supersonic Age Pioneers — ‘On the Threshold of Space’ Bows at Globe’, New York Times, 30 March, 1956, p. 10.
Hift., ‘7th Voyage of Sinbad’, Variety, 26 November, 1958, p. 6.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, February 1952, p. 36.
A.W., ‘At the Paramount’, New York Times, 1 May, 1954, p. 13.
A.W., ‘“Beast from 20,000 Fathoms” Invades City’, New York Times, 25 June, 1953, p. 23.
Bosley Crowther, ‘Screen: Horror Import — “Godzilla” a Japanese Film, is at State’, New York Times, 28 April, 1956, p. 11.
Holl., ‘Film Review’, Variety, 17 June, 1953, p. 6.
Jack Gould, ‘Television in Review’, New York Times, 20 November, 1949, p. X9.
Jack Gould, ‘Television in Review’, New York Times, 30 April, 1950, p. X11.
Jack Gould, ‘Television in Review’, New York Times, 4 November, 1951, p. 123.
Oscar Godbout, TV Blast-Off: A Slow Start’, New York Times, 3 August, 1958, p. X9.
Howard Thompson, ‘“Blob” Slithers into Mayfair’, New York Times, 7 November, 1958, p. 23.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, April 1959, p. 62.
Bosley Crowther, ‘“Destination Moon,” George Pal Version of Rocket Voyage, New Film at Mayfair’, New York Times, 28 June, 1950, p. 32.
Bosley Crowther, ‘Screen: Wonderful Trip in Space — Forbidden Plant is Out of This World’, New York Times, 4 May, 1956, p. 21.
H.H.T., ‘“This Island Earth” Explored From Space’, New York Times, 11 June, 1955, p. 8.
Anon., ‘Film Reviews’, Variety, June 17, 1953, p. 6.
Thomas Schatz, ‘The New Hollywood’, in Jim Collins et al., eds, Film Theory Goes to the Movies (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 8–36.
See Andy Murray, Into the Unknown: The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale (London: Headpress, 2006).
John Caughie, Television Drama: Realism, Modernism and British Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
Lez Cooke, British Television Drama: A History (London: British Film Institute, 2003).
Jason Jacobs, The Intimate Screen: Early British Television Drama (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
John P. Shanley, ‘A Playwright at the Controls’, New York Times, 20 September, 1959, p. X19.
See for example Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner, Hide in Plain Sight: The Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950–2002 (New York: Palgrave, 2003).
Jeff Sconce, ‘Science Fiction Programmes’ in Horace Newcomb, ed., Encyclopedia of Television (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997).
Quoted in Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998).
Jack Gould, ‘Rod Serling Series’, The New York Times, October 3, 1959, p. 39.
Neal., ‘Film Reviews’, Variety, June 9, 1954, p. 6.
Kove., ‘Film Reviews’, Variety, September 12, 1956, p. 6.
Powe., ‘Film Reviews’ Variety, 17 September, 1958, p. 7.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, June 1957, p. 89.
Anon., Variety, 27 May 1953, p. 6.
Anon., Variety, 10 February 1954, p. 6.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, June, 1957, p. 83.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, January 1956, p.21.
Hift, Variety, 16 March 1955, p.6.
Anon., Monthly Film Bulletin, April, 1959, p. 61.
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© 2011 Mark Jancovich and Derek Johnston
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Jancovich, M., Johnston, D. (2011). Genre, Special Effects and Authorship in the Critical Reception of Science Fiction Film and Television during the 1950s. In: Jones, D., McCarthy, E., Murphy, B.M. (eds) It Came From the 1950s!. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230337237_6
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